SCIENCE, EDUCATION, RELIGION 



713 



Supper are to be taken spiritually, and not in an 

 outward form. Their protests against the use 

 of oaths and against the exaction of tithes and 

 church rates cost them much suffering and 

 frequent imprisonment during the first fifty 

 years of their existence. The simplified dress 

 which Friends, adopted from conviction 200 

 yens ago became stereotyped into a uniform. 

 This dress has generally been given up, as hav- 

 ing the "testimony" against music and singing 

 rigid application, and the peculiarities of 

 speech, such as the use of "thee and "thou'* 

 1 of "you" (though many Friends still 

 retain this custom among themselves), and the 

 a vi ii< lance of all titles of courtesy. Of late years 

 there has been a very decided evangelical move- 

 ment among Friends, under the influence of 

 which the old quietism is dying out. As a result 

 of this change the influence of the Society 

 beyond its own borders, through home and | 

 foreign missions and adult First Day (Sunday) 



<>ls, has developed to a remarkable extent. 

 There is in the United States a numerous body 

 Hi" I'riends called Hicksites (from their founder, j 

 Kl ias Hicks), who separated from the orthodox 

 community. They nold latitudinarian views. 

 The Wilburite section are conspicuous in Penn- 

 sylvania by their adherence to tne livery and the I 

 "plain language." Large numbers of persons ' 

 who do not appear in the statistical returns 

 attend the Mission meetings of the Society of 

 Friends, and very large numbers come under < 

 their influence in the foreign mission field. 



Greek Church, The, taken in the widest 

 sense, comprehends all those Christians following 

 the Greek or Greco-Slavonic rite who receive the 



-even general councils, but reject the author- 

 it v of the Roman pontiff and the later councils 

 of the Western Church. The Greek Church 

 calls itself "the Holy Orthodox Catholic ami 

 Apostolic Church," and it includes three distinct 

 branches the Church within the Ottoman 

 Kmpire, subject directly to the patriarch of" 



tantinople; the Church in the kingdom of 



<-e; and the Russo-Greek Church in tin- 

 dominions of the czar. The proper history of 

 the ( Ireek Church as a separate boay dates from , 

 the commencement of the Greek schi>m. or 

 rather from the commencement of the efforts 

 i n the part of the Church of Constantinople to 

 i-tal.li-h for itself a distinct jurisdiction, and an 

 independent headship in the eastern division of 

 the empire. The ecclesiastical pre. minence of 



antinople. it need hardly he said, followed 

 upon the political distinction to which it rose as 

 the -eat of the imperial residence and the cen- 

 ter of the imperial {govern met ally 



Mtium was l.ut a -imple epi-n.pal SCC, Sub- 

 ject to the metropolitan of Hcraclea; but tin- 

 rank of the see rose with the fortunes of the <; 

 before the close of the Fourth Cent m 

 canon of the first council of Constantinople, held 

 M, assures to it. on the Around that "< 



inople i- the ! 1( . "preCCtli 



<>f honor rient Rome. 



I'nited (Ireek Church comprehends those Chris- 

 tians who, while they follow the (Ireek 



\e the discipline of the Greek Church and 

 make use of the Greek liturgy, are yet united 

 with the Church of Koine, admitting the double 



procession of the spirit and the supremacy of the 

 Roman pontiff, and accepting all the doctrinal 

 decisions subsequent to the Greek schism which 

 have force as articles of faith in the Roman 

 Church. The United Greeks are found chiefly 

 in southern Italy, in the Austrian dominions, in 

 Poland, and the Russian Empire. In Italy they 

 are computed at 80,000; in Austria at about 

 4,000,000; and in Poland at about 250,000. In 

 Ruia it is difficult to ascertain their number; 

 it has fallen off considerably in late years. In 

 Austria they are divided into Roumanians and 

 Ruthenians the former being settled in 

 \\allaehia. Transylvania, and eastern Hungary; 

 the latter, in Little Russia, Galicia, and nortn- 

 castern Hungary. The union of the Greek 

 Christians of \\allachia and Transylvania dates 

 from the end of the Twelfth Century; and 

 although the Reformation made soiqe progress 

 among them, they still for the most part re- 

 mained true to the union. The union of the 

 Cialician Greeks or Ruthenians is of much later 

 date, about the close of the Seventeenth Century. 

 It is only necessary to add that the usage of the 

 United Greek Church as to the law of celibacy is, 

 with the consent of the Roman pontiffs, the same 

 as among the other Greeks. They are also per- 

 mitted to administer communion under both 

 kinds. 



Heart. A hollow muscular organ, the 

 function of which is to maintain the circula- 

 tion of the blood. The human heart is formed of 

 a firm thick muscular tissue, composed of fibers 

 interlacing with each other, and is supplied with 

 nerves and vessels, which are termed coronary. 

 Its coronary arteries branch off from the aorta, 

 and the coronary veins return the blood in the 

 right auricle. Its nerves are branches of the 

 eighth and great intercostal pairs. It is divided 

 in the middle by a strong partition, and 01 

 side by two cavities, called ventriclt*: one the 

 right or pulmnnic, and the other tin* left or sys- 

 Icwir. Attached to the la>e of the heart are t \\ o 

 auricles, so-called from their resemblance to an 

 ear. In the right auricle there are four aper- 

 tures: two of the vence carer, one of the coronary 

 vein, and one an opening into the right ventricle. 

 There are five apertures in (lie left auricle; one 

 into the left ventricle, and those of the four 

 pulmonary veins. Each ventricle has two 

 orifices; one from the auricle, and another into 

 the artery. The ventricles are supplied with 

 valves; those at the arterial opening being, from 

 their form, called semi-lunar; those at the 

 of the right auricle, tricuspitl ; and those at the 

 orifice of the left auricle, milrr' ilve at 



the termination of the trna cava inferior, just 

 within the auricle, is called the valve of 1 

 chius. The dilatation of the heart is called 

 contraction. M/>/"/<. The alternate 

 contraction and dilatation of the heart are 

 entirely involuntary, and dejendent on the 

 DerVOUi system. It ha- ilated that 



the daily work ,,f MM ordinary human heart, in 

 propelling the Hood, is equal to the lifting 1J1 



high. 



Morsr lo\\<r. tin- DMMUN ol a lUtflB 

 as originally settled l\ 

 lifting power equal to 

 pounds raised one foot high per minute. Thus. 



