SCIENCE, EDUCATION, RELIGION 715 



images are inverted; their shape is always that The right lung is shorter and broader than the 



of t lie external objects, and is independent of the left, which extends downwards further bv the 



shape of the aperture. The inversion of the breadth of a rib. Each lung exhibits a broad 



images arises from the fact that the luminous division into an upper and lower portion or lobe, 



proceeding from external objects, and pene- the division being marked by a deep cleft which 



t rat ing into the chamber, cross one another in runs downwards obliquely to the front of the 



passing the aperture. Continuing in a straight organ ; and in the case of the right lung there is 



line, the rays from the higher parts meet the a further division at right angles to the main 



screen at the lower parts, and inversely, those cleft. Thus the left lung has two, whilst the 



which come from the lower parts meets the right lung has three lobes. These again are 



higher parts of the screen. Hence the inversion divided into lobules which measure from one- 



of the image. Light, heat, and the chemical fourth to one-half inch in diameter, and consists 



principle seem to be modifications of the same of air-cells, blood-vessels, nerves, lymphatic ves- 



element : but there are circumstances in which sels, and the tissue by which the lobules them- 



.itYer. -elves are bound together. The elasticity of t he 



Liquid Air is based upon the cooling lungs by which they expand and expel the air is 



that air undergoes when it is subject to ex- due to the contractile tissues found in the brpn- 



panMon and passes from a given to a lower dual tubes and air-cells, this elasticity being 



-are. To obtain a liquefaction of the air aided by a delicate, elastic, surface tissue. The 



Miospheric pressure it is necessary to cool lungs are popularly termed "lights," because 



it to 191; that is, to compress it to 800 they are the lightest organs in the body, and 



atmospheres before expanding it. This is ac- float when placed in water, except when they 



complished by an electric motor actuating a are diseased. 



pump which Micks air from the atmosphere. It Lutherans. A designation originally ap- 



is then dried by passing over chloride of calcium, plied by their adversaries to the Reformers of 



thence into a liquid ammonia refrigerating ap- the Sixteenth Century, and afterward appro- 



paratus. It is successfully employed in the pro- priated among Protestants themselves to those 



duction of oxygen. It is of little use as a who took part with Martin Luther against the 

 motive power or refrigerant, partly on account 



i 



Swiss Reformers, particularly in the co 

 veraies regarding the Lord's Supper. It i 



contro- 

 is so 



Lungs, the sole breathing organs of reptiles, employed to this day as the designation of one 



birds, mammals, and in part of amphibians of the two great sections into which the Protes- 



ts newts, etc.), the latter forms breathing in tant Church was divided, the other being known 



early life by branchiae or gills, and afterwards as the Reformed Church. Lutheranism is the 



partly or entirely by lungs. The essential idea prevailing form of Protestantism in Germany; 



lung is that of a sac communicating with the it is the national religion of Denmark, Sweden, 



atmosphere by means of a tube, the trachea or and Norway; and there are Lutheran churches 



windpipe, through which air is admitted to the in the Baltic provinces of Russia, in Holland. 



i. and through structural peculiarities to its France, Poland, and the United States. In all 



intimate part-, the air serving to supply oxygen there are about 30,000,000 Lutheran*. Among 



to the blood and to remove carbonic acid. ' In the Lutheran symbolical books the "Augsburg 



the Mammalia, including man, the lungs are con- Confession," Luther's "Shorter Catechism." 



fined to and freely suspended in the cavity of the and the " Formula Concordue" (" Formula of 



thorax or chest. "which is completely separated Harmony"), hold the principal place. The 



from the abdominal cavity by the muscular chief difference between the Lutherans and the 



diaphragm >r 'midriff.' In man the lungs are Reformed is as to the real presence of Christ in 



made up of honeycomb-like cells which receive the sacrament of the Supper; the Lutherans 



thru -upply of air through the bronchial tubes, holding the doctrine of consubstantiation 



bronchial tube is traced it is found to lead Christ's body present "in. with, and under the 



irito a passage which divides and subdivide*, unchanged bread and wine" though reject ing 



leading oil into air-cells. The walls of these air- t ransubstantiation ; while some of their i; 



if thin, elastic, connective tissue, extreme theologians have asserted not only the 



igh wliieh run Mnall blood-vessels in BUM <>f the human nature of Christ in the 



n with the pulmonary artery and vein-. Lord'- Supper, as Luther did. but the absolute 



inrnt the blood is brought into omnipresence or ubiquity of Ili^ human nature. 



contact with, and becomes purified by means of. ( M her points of difference relate U) t he allowance 



the air. The in i pure I >lood enters at the root of in Christian \\or-hip of tlutii:- indifferent; and 



the lung through the pulmonary artery at the many of those things at first retained as merely 



right sjde ff the heart, and parses out purified tolerable by Luther and his fellow-refoi : 



through tin- pulmon.iry veins touanU the left ha \e I .. come favorite characteri- 



it. Moth lungs are enclosed in a the Lutheran churches as crucifixes and 



ite membrane called the j>l,nr,i. which pictures in places of worship, etc. In its 



forms ., kind of double sac thai OB .tioii the Lutheran Church is generally un- 



the ribs and part ,,f t lie breast bone, and on the j episcopal \\iihout being properly presbytrrian. 



other side surrounds the lung. Pleurisy a; ii consifttorial. \\ith the civil authorities SO 



from inflammation of this membrane. The far in place of bishops. In Peiunark. Sweden. 



hmgN an- .situated one on each side of the heart, and Norway there are bishops, and in Sw 



the upper part of each fits into the uppi an archbishop (of Upsala), but their p 



of the chest. al)out an inch above the collar I united. In I 1 ' ..Tetiveb. 



while the base of each rests upon the diaphragm, of Lutherans in the United States, with a total 



