SCIENCE, EDUCATION, RELIGION 



725 



as their brightness, being white, orange, red, earth, especially with the rainfall. Spots are 

 green, and blue, according to their temperature called macula, brighter portions of the sun are 



and composition; they have from ancient date 

 been grouped into constellations of the northern 

 and the southern hemispheres and of the zodiac, 

 irs in each of which being noted by the 

 (in -ek letters, according to their brightness. 

 Stomach. In comparative anatomy, a 



called facukr, and the lesser markings are called 

 mottlings. The sun is now generally believed 

 to be of gaseous constitution, covered with a 

 sort of luminous shell of cloud formed by the 

 precipitation of the vapors which are cooled 

 by external radiation.. This dazzling shell is 



embranous sac, formed by a dilation of the ! termed the photosphere. The 



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alimentary canal, in which food is received and 

 subjected to the processes of digestion. The 

 human stomach is an elongated, curved pouch, 

 from ton to twelve inches long, and four or five 



are sup- 



posed to be cavities in this cloud-layer, caused 

 by the unequal velocities of neighboring por- 

 tions of the solar atmosphere. Zollner, who 

 considers the body of the sun to be liquid, sees 



inches in diameter at its widest part, lying al- [ therein slags or scoria? floating on a molten 

 most immediately below the diapnragm, nearly ! surface, and surrounded by clouds. It is < 

 transversely across the upper and left portion ; mated that the sun's radiation would melt a 

 of the abdominal cavity, and having the form shell of ice .covering its own surface to a depth 

 of a bagpipe. It is very dilatable and contrac- of between thirty-nine and forty feet in one 

 tile, and its average capacity is about five pints, j minute, but the temperature of the surface has 

 food enters the stomach through the cesoph- I not yet been ascertained. It is evident, how- 

 agus by the cardia or cardiac orifice, and after ever, that the temperature and radiation have 

 having been acted on by the gastric juice, is remained constant for a long period. The photo- 

 passed on in a semi-fluid or pulpy state through sphere is overlaid by an atmosphere which is 

 the pylorus into the small intestines. Owing to shown by the spectroscope to contain nearly 

 the recent improvements in electrical apparatus, | all the materials which enter into the composi- 

 the physiology and pathology of the human j tion of the sun. The region outside the photo- 

 stomach in life is becoming much better known, sphere in which these colored prominences are 

 Medical electricians have recently devised a observed has been called the chromosphere, 

 plan by which the interior of the human stom- \ which has an average depth of from 3,000 to 

 ach may be illuminated for examination. The i 8,000 miles. The incandescent hydrogen clouds 

 patient is laid on the operating table and a ; stretch out beyond this to altitudes of 20,000 

 lender tube, carrying a glass bead on its end, | to 100,000 miles, and jets of chromospheric 

 is introduced into the stomach. A small light hydrogen have been observed to reach a height 

 inside the bead is supplied by fine wires running i of 200,000 miles in twenty minutes, and d. 

 out through the tube and connected to a small | pear altogether within half an hour. Outside 

 battery. The interior of the stomach is plainly the chromosphere, extending very far out from 



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lighted and all its parts are brought into view 

 by a small movable mirror at the end of the 



tube. 

 Sun. 



The central orb of the solar system, 



that around which revolve the earth and the 

 other planets. The sun appears to be a perfect 

 spin -re, with a diameter of 866,900 miles; its 

 mean density is about one-fourth, taking that 

 of the earth as one; its mean distance from the 

 rarth is taken as 93,000,000 miles. It rotates 

 on it- own axis; this axis of rotation being in- 

 ch ned to the ecliptic at an angle of 82 40 7 ; and 

 its rotation penod is variously estimated at 

 from twenty-five to twenty-eight days. The 

 mass of t he -un is about 750 times that of all t he 

 other members of the solar system combined, 

 am! the center of gravity of the solar system lies 



Mere in the sun, whatever may be the 

 relative positions of the planets in their orbits. 

 1 he .lark spots on the sun discovered by Galileo 



en shown to be hollows, and their depth 



has been estimated at from 3,000 to UHHMI 



The spots are very changeable in their 



and dimen-i<ms. :md \ c from 



ints to spaces of 50.000 miles or more 

 in diameter. It is from observations of the-e 

 spots that the sun's rotation on its axis has been 

 calculated. The frequency of sun spots attains 

 a maximum every ten and a half yeai 

 number <>t spots falling off during the interval 



.illinium, from which it recovers gradually 

 to the next maximum. This periodicity has 



'nought to be intimately connected with 

 the meteorological phenomena observed on the 



the sun, is the corona, an aurora of light pi 

 during total eclipses. The amount of light sent 

 forth by the sun is not exactly measurable, but 

 the amount of heat has been pretty accurately 

 computed, and it is equivalent in mechanical 

 effect to the action of 7,000 horse- po\^ 

 every square foot of the solar surface, or to the 

 combustion on every square foot of upwards 

 of thirteen and one- half hundred pounds of coal 

 per hour. 



Theology is the science which treats of the 

 existence of dod. his attributes, and tin- 

 will regarding our act inns, present condition, and 

 ultimate destiny In reference to the sources 

 whence it is derived theology is distincui-lied 

 into natural or /)///<"/''"'''"' theology, which re- 

 lates to the knowledge of God from His works by 

 the light of nature and reason ; and supernatural. 

 positive, or revealed theology, which sets fort 1 1 a i id 

 systemati/.es the docirmr. of the Scripture,. 



With regard to the contents of theology it is 

 classified into theoretical theology or dogtnntifn. 

 and practical theology <>r ethics. As compre- 



hending the \vh..le extent of i 



is divided into four principal classes, 

 systematic, and practical 



theology. Historical theology treats of the his- 

 tory of Christian doctrines. Exegetical theology 

 embraces the interpretation of the Scriptures 

 and Biblical criticism. S\ heology ar- 



ranges methodically the great truths of religion. 

 Practical theology consists of an exhibit io< 

 of precepts and directions; and. secondly, of the 

 motives from which we should be expected to 



