Till-; STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



minimum by the use of open trusses composed 

 (>;' simple systems rather than the plate, 

 tubular, or closely-latticed girders of European 

 engineers, thus offering less resistance to wind 

 pressure. 



NOTABI.i: HUH)', 



Albany (over the Hudson)- Iron; length of draw, 4OO 

 feet. 



Arcueuil Aqueduct. Stone; length, 1,279 foot; semi- 

 circular arch. 



Harrnlin Viaduct. Stone; length. 1,.">4.'> feet; semi- 

 circular arch. 



Hiscari Aqueduct. Stone; length. I.-JL'J feet ; ogival. 



Bomhay i.Mailra.-). Length, :{,7:iO feet. 



lioyne. Wrought UOOJ length, l.Ttin feet ; lattice. 



Brighton Viaduct. Brick; length, '.H>0 fe. 

 ular arch. 



Britannia. Wrought iron; length. l.JSS feet; tubular. 



Brooklyn (East River). Length, 5,989 feet; BUapen- 

 sion. 



C'arpentras Aqueduct. Stone; length, 1,6!S7 feet; 

 li-circular arch. 



Cliaumnnt Viaduct. Length, 1,968 feet; somi-cir- 

 cular arch. 



Cincinnati and C'ovington (over the Ohio). Built, 

 Isii7; length, 1.007 feet; suspension. 



Clifton (over Niagara River). Length, 1,268 feet ; sus- 

 pension. 



C'ongleton Viaduct. Stone; length, 2,870 feet; arch, 

 segment. 



Crumlin Viaduct. Iron; length, 1,050 feet; truss- 

 gird. 



Danube (near Stadlan, Austria). Iron; length, 2,520 

 feet. 



Dee Viaduct. Stone; length, 1,388 feet; semi-circular 

 arch. 



Dinting Vale Viaduct. Timber; length, 1,452 feet; 

 arch, segment. 



Dubuque (over the Mississippi). Iron; length, 1,758 

 feet. 



Florence (over the Arno). Built 1569; marble; length, 

 322 feet; elliptical arch. 



Forth Bridge. Over the Firth of Forth, Scotland; 

 cantilever; iron and steel; length, nearly two miles, 

 including approaches. Opened March 4, 1S!JO. 



Franzdorf Viaduct. Stone; length, 1,916 feet; semi- 

 circular arch. 



Godavery Irrigation Aqueduct. Stone; length, 

 2,356 feet; arch, segment. 



Goeltzschthal Viaduct. Stone; length, 1,900 feet; 

 elliptical arch. 



Harlem River Aqueduct (High Bridge). Stone; 

 length, 1,450 feet; semi-circular arch. 



Indre Viaduct. Stone; length, 2,463 feet; semi-cir- 

 cular arch. 



Kinzua Viaduct (R. R.V On Bradford branch of 

 New York, Lake Erie, and Western R. R., near Brad- 

 ford, Pa., iron; height, 301 feet; length, 2,052 feet. 



Lisbon Aqueduct. Stone; length, 3,805 feet; ogival. 



Louisville, Ky. (over the Ohio). Length, 5,310 feet 



Ma in tenon Aqueduct. Stone; length, 16,367 feet; 

 semi-circular arch. 



Minneapolis Suspension Bridge* Completed, 1876; 

 length, with approaches, one mile. 



Montpellier Aqueduct. Stone; length, 3,214 feet; 

 semi-circular arch. 



Niagara (built, 1855). Length, 2,220 feet; suspension. 



\ogcnt-sur-Marne Viaduct. Stone; length, 2,722 

 feet; semi-circular arch. 



Omaha (over the Missouri). Length, 2,800 feet. 



Pavia. Stone; length, 620 feet; ogival. 



I'oughkeepsie. Iron; cantilever; length, 6,767 fed 



Quincy (over the Mississippi). Iron; length, 3,200 feet. 



Rochester (new). Cast iron; length, 498 feet; arch, 

 segment. 



Royal Border Bridge (Berwick). Stone; length, 

 2,160 feet; semi-circular arch. 



Schuylkill. Timber; length, 1,000 feet; frame truss. 



St. Anne's. Wrought iron; length, 1,350 feet; tubular. 



St. Charles (Mo.). Iron; length, 6,536 feet. 



St. Louis (across the Mississippi). Minnesota and North 

 Western R. R.; iron; 1,825 feet long, draw span 412 

 feet long, the latter being one of the large.- ( :ul 

 heaviest in the world. 



Susquehanna. Stone; length, 3,500 feet; semi-circular 

 arch. 



Trenton (Delaware). Timber; length, 960 feet; frame 

 truss. 



Victoria (St. Lawrence). Wrought iron; length, U.437 

 feet; tubular. 



Washington Bridge (across Harlem River valley, 

 N " . two Ited arches of 510 feet span; roadway. 

 wide; length. 2.:<75 feet; height above the 

 Harl.-m River, I'M feet. 



Burial is applied to the prevalent method 

 among civili/ed nations of disposing of the 

 dead by hiding them in the earth. The general 

 tendency of nrankind has been to bury the 

 dead out of sight of the living; :uul various 

 as the methods of accomplishing this end have 

 been, they have resolved themselves into three 

 great elassifieai ions : (1) The simple closing up 

 of the body in wood or stone. (2) The burning 

 of the body and the entombing of the ashes. 

 (3) The embalming of the body. The first of 

 these seems to be the earliest form of which we 

 have any record, and it is the form most amply 

 sanctioned by the existing practice of the civil- 

 i/ed world. It is the method referred to in the 

 earliest Scriptures; and all are familiar with the 

 touching scene in which Abraham buries Sarah 

 in the cave in the land of Canaan which be- 

 longed to Ephron, but was, after a solemn and 

 courteous negotiation, secured to Abraham 

 for a possession in which to bury his dead. 

 There is frequent allusion in the later Script ures, 

 and especially in the New Testament, to the 

 embalming of the body in antiseptics and 

 fragrant substances. The Israelites may have 

 learned the practice of embalming from the 

 Egyptians, among whom it was an art so greatly 

 cultivated and extensively practiced that 

 Egyptian corpses, as inoffensive as any article 

 of wood or stone, are scattered over Europe in 

 museums, and are even to be found as curiosities 

 in private houses. The soil and climate of 

 Upper Egypt seem to have afforded facilities for 

 embalming unmatched in any other part of the 

 world; and in other places the vestiges of the 

 practice are comparatively rare, though it is 

 usual even yet to embalm royal corpses, and in 

 some places to preserve a series of mummies, 

 as in the vault of the monastery of Kreuzberg, at 

 Bonn, where the monks have been successively 

 preserved in their costume for centuries. The 

 practice of incremation, of the burning of the. 

 body and the entombing of the ashes, deserves 

 more inquiry than it has yet obtained. In 

 Greece, in Etruria both before and after it 

 came under the Romans and in the North of 

 Europe, the simple burial of the body, and its 

 prior reduction to ashes, were both practiced, 

 and sometimes contemporaneously. The tombs 

 of Etruria are rich in art, much of it going to the 

 adornment of the urns of baked clay in which 

 the ashes of the dead are kept. Vessels of terra 

 cotta, or cooked earth, containing human re- 

 mains, have been found, often so large that they 

 appear to have served as coffins for containing 

 the whole body. When human remains are con- 

 nected with barrows, cromlechs, or the large, 

 shapeless pillars commonly called Druidic.d, il 

 is often very questionable whether the monu- 

 ment was made to receive such remains. It is 

 certainly ascertained to have been a practice in 

 ancient times to bury bodies in tombs which 

 were themselves ancient when they received 

 their inmates. " Some of the grandest buildings 

 in the world have been tombs; such are the 



