MISCELLANY 



783 



Countries. The figures given in the table- <>i 



-t of higher education in various countries 

 are from the report of the Commissioner of Edu- 

 cation, ami are intended to give an idea of the 

 approximate amounts paid for higher education 

 in the principal countries of the world. Educa- 



lystema differ greatly in different countries, 

 and it i- possible to make fair comparisons pf cost 

 only where it i- possible to make lair comparisons 

 of the systems employed. In ( lermaiiy a great 

 leal of >uch work as is done in higher educational 

 institutions in this country is carried on in the 

 secondary schools, or gymnasia. In a number of 

 countries which might 'have place in the-e tables 



impossible to obtain data, according to the 

 ('ommi--i'nr: - report, and no safe figures can be 

 given. In other cases census figures had to be 



hough dating back several years previous 

 to the time of the report. The data for Greece 

 was obtained shortly after the war with Turkey, 

 and are much lower than might be expected. 



cost of higher education in the United 



States can be approximated only, a- the expends 



are met by M, many different methods, r'or the 



same reason only an approximation of the per 



'< given. 



Fool, Court, or Jester. Among the m< >ro 

 celebrated of French court-fool- l>oulet 



of the court of Francis I.; Chicot. the j< 

 Charles IX.; and Angely, the cynical buffoon 

 of Louis XIII.. and the last of his order in that 

 country. England had also her special repre- 

 sentatives in this field of Momus; the court-fool 

 of Henry VIII., with their retinue of giants and 

 Xit, the dwarf, ami Archie Armstrong, .lames 

 Is licensed joker, being the most celebrated. 

 Court-fools in all European countries save Rus- 

 sia were discontinued soon alter the first quarter 

 of the Seventeenth Century. Peter the 

 and the Empress Anne, however, kept up the 

 practice much later. 



Freemasonry. The name of a srcret 

 brotherhood which claims a very remote 



MIS to have descended to us directly from 

 the craft guilds of the mediaeval |>eriod. Modern 

 Masonry arose in England in the Nineteenth 

 Century, and has no connection with the huild- 

 Crmrt It was fir>t established in the I'nited 

 States in IT'J.'t. There are now in the I'mtetV 

 States and British America, in 1906. a total of 

 UL'IUHH) members. 



I)K IRKl.S IN 1 KKI.M \SONKY 



