578 A NATIONAL PLAN FOR AMERICAN FORESTRY 



shed value; timber growing and livestock grazing may use the same 

 area as long as the latter use does not prevent or unduly damage 

 forest reproduction; and selective timber cutting may proceed with 

 scarcely any interruption of the nonconcentrated forms of recreational 

 use of the woods. Almost every national forest furnishes an example 

 of a large variety of overlapping uses so harmonized as to avoid any 

 measurable conflict timber-sale cutting, livestock grazing, water 

 supply for domestic, irrigation, and power purposes, recreation, game 

 conservation, and many others. Timber-management plans specify 

 particular measures where required to safeguard lakeside or roadside 

 beauty, to avoid watershed damage, and to exclude livestock for 

 a temporary period after cutting if necessary to allow natural restock- 

 ing of forest growth to become established. Range-management 

 plans provide for keeping stock away from tourist camp grounds or 

 springs used by campers or out of areas needed exclusively for game. 

 Plans for recreational units provide for the particular type of recrea- 

 tion best suited to the area, so that a lone cottage will not occupy 

 a place needed for a public camp ground or a resort development. 

 And so on. 



In order to attain this objective of correlated use it has been neces- 

 sary to adhere rigidly to the original concept of a national forest and 

 of the form of organization essential to its most productive manage- 

 ment. It is important to understand the true nature of the national- 

 forest enterprise as established by over a quarter century of laws, 

 appropriations, judicial and administrative decisions, established poli- 

 cies and practices. 



This original concept of a national forest was a unit of land to be 

 managed by a single agency for the production of commodities (timber, 

 forage, etc.), services (watershed protection, etc.), and uses (recrea- 

 tion, game, etc.), which are inherent in the land and possessed of a 

 public value. Unity of purpose in management and undivided con- 

 trol and responsibility were and are indispensable factors in the con- 

 cept and in its execution. 



At the very beginning of national-forest administration it became 

 evident that in order to obtain a high level of technical land and 

 resource management, the Forest Service would have to utilize a wide 

 range of technical and expert personnel of various kinds. Accordingly 

 it brought in as full-fledged members of the Service the technicians 

 needed for the actual execution of the task itself, and for the research 

 work which could best be done as a direct part of the enterprise. 

 Thus foresters, logging engineers, range-management experts, survey- 

 ors, road and hydroelectric engineers, and others have been brought 

 in to function in their fields under the unified administrative control 

 of the key administrative positions of the Forest Service Forest 

 Ranger, Forest Supervisor, Regional Forester, Forester. 



At the same time the Forest Service recognized that for certain 

 types of specialized advisory service it was more economical to draw 

 on the personnel of other Federal agencies than to duplicate these 

 services in its own ranks. Thus the cooperation of forest pathologists 

 from the Bureau of Plant Industry, forest entomologists from the 

 Bureau of Entomology, meteorologists from the Weather Bureau, 

 biologists from the Biological Survey, soil experts from the Bureau of 

 Chemistry and Soils, and others, has been extensively utilized. In 

 some cases these experts have been detailed to the Forest Service 



