924 



A NATIONAL PLAN FOR AMERICAN FORESTRY 



way for the second cut, which will eliminate the remaining defective 

 hemlock and leave a stand of adequate volume. 



If only trees of the diameter classes to the right in the diagram for 

 stand A are removed in the first cutting, as recommended, there will 

 remain spruce seed trees to help seed the small areas cut clean in the 

 first cutting. In stand B there is no spruce less than 56 inches in 

 diameter and no seed will be available for the openings left by cutting. 

 Wide-spaced planting (15 by 15 feet) with strong stock can be carried 

 on at low cost and should assure spruce in the future stand. (Or fir 

 and cedar can be used in the same manner.) The intervening space 

 will fill with a dense stand of hemlock, which will insure natural prun- 

 ing of the stand but will be sufficiently behind the spruce in develop- 

 ment to permit survival of most of the latter. Hemlock reproduction 

 will also come up abundantly within all small openings where single 

 tree cuttings take place. Since hemlock is a valuable pulp species it 



DOLLARS 

 PER M FT. B. M. 



A - VALUES OF SPRUCE LOOS AS RELATED TO TREE SIZE 



. B - VALUES OF HEMLOCK LOOS AS RELATED TO TREE SIZE 



C - STEAM LOGGING COSTS WHEN ENTIRE STAND IS CUT - 1932 



D TRACTOR LOGGING COSTS, SELECTIVE CUTTING DIAMETERS 4O+ INCHES 



SO 60 70 



DIAMETER BREAST HIGH (INCHES) 



FIGURE 7. Comparison of log prices (1932 log market) and logging costs, spruce and hemlock, Columbia 



River region, 1932. 



can readily be removed in periodic thinnings from the time the young 

 groups reach an age of 30 to 40 years. By these thinnings a constant 

 increase can be brought about in the proportion of spruce in the stand. 



In studies of the present year, two alternative methods have been 

 worked out for logging an 80,000-acre tract in this type which bears 

 about 3 billion feet of timber. 



The first method assumes using the liquidation method ordinarily 

 applied in the region and the ordinary machinery, cutting at the rate of 

 100 million board feet per year, and destroying everything as opera- 

 tions proceed. Under this method the Columbia River market (1932) 

 value of the average log produced on this operation is $9.71 per M 

 board feet. With logging costs deducted the net stumpage realization 

 value is $3 per 1,000 board feet, giving a gross stumpage return of 

 $300,000 per year. 



