COCHLIDION AVELLANA. 375 



brown ; eyes visibly blackish ; on the dorsal surface of abdominal 

 segments 2 to 8, is a broad, transverse, yellowish band ; the whole 

 surface roughened with minute spines pointing backwards, these spines 

 being yellow at the base, dark brown at the tip. Chapman says that 

 the pupa is, in structure, of the Micro type. It is very round and 

 squat, and superficially resembles the pupae of Lasiocampa quercus, 

 Erioyaster lanestris, Centra vimda, and similar pupae, whose larvae 

 make a cocoon of the same character as does Cochlidion avellana 

 (Uitudo). It has the wing- and appendage-cases not attached to the 

 abdominal segments. In colour, the pupa is pale brown or fawn, with 

 wings so transparent as to be hardly visible. The mouth-parts are 

 large and elaborate. The maxillae are small and short, but are 

 prolonged outwards, and, after passing through a narrow neck, ter- 

 minate in a well-developed club, between the eyes, antennas and legs. 

 This club represents the maxillary palpus (eye-collar), which, nowhere 

 in Macros, has any such development. It appears to possess a 

 second member (= lacinias?). The abdominal segments 1-6, 5, 

 and 1-7, $ are free (i.e., not soldered to the wings and appendages), 

 and appear to be capable of independent movement on each other. 

 The appendages, though fused together, are fused so slightly as to be 

 easily separated without injury. In the empty pupa-case, all the 

 segments and appendages are freely separable. The pupa possesses a 

 beak (for rupturing the cocoon) between the eyes ; the mesoscutellum 

 projects backwards from the mesothorax, so that it covers the middle 

 of the metathorax, whilst its sharp apex reaches to the middle of the 

 1st abdominal segment. The pupa also possesses what Chapman has 

 described as the " eye-flange." Where, in most pupae, the eye abuts 

 against an antenna, it is, in this species, rather separate, and a flat 

 flange-like margin with sharp edge and marked with radiating lines, 

 surrounds the eye without quite joining the antenna. On the sides 

 of the metathorax and first abdominal segment there are curious 

 brown ribs and wrinkles. The abdominal segments 2-10 have an 

 area across the front of the dorsum of each segment covered with 

 minute spines (not a single row, as is so usual). The spiracles of the 

 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments are covered by, but visible through, 

 the hind-wings. The pupal wings reach to the end of the 7th abdo- 

 minal segment, and the tarsi to the 8th. Borkhausen compares the 

 pupa (which he calls a " Pupa incomplete ") with the pupaa of some 

 beetles, " all the extremities being separated from the body, and the 

 skin soft and yellow." 



DEHISCENCE. The head, maxillae, maxillary palpi and antennae 

 free from thorax and abdomen ; the eye-covers also free ; in fact, all 

 the appendages, wings, etc., become " free," but do not separate, 

 i.e., the covers are complete and adhere together, as do those of a 

 dragonfly, but do not in any way break apart, as do those of an obtect 

 pupa (Chapman). 



FOOD-PLANTS. Nut, pear (Linne) ; oak, beech (Borkhausen ) ; birch 

 (Buckell) ; whitethorn and blackthorn (Holland) ; sycamore (Kaltenbach) ; 

 Arbutus unedo (Cuni y Martorell). 



PARASITES. Sphinctus serotinus, at end of September, and Pelecy- 

 stoma lutea, Nees, bred in the middle of July, 1887, by W. H. B. 

 Fletcher (Bridgman). 



HABITS AND HABITAT. This species inhabits woods in the southern 



