382 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



the parts of the head and thorax, whilst the wing-cases are well- 

 developed and projecting. The surface of the pupa is smooth, polished, 

 and of a transparent whity-brown colour. 



DEHISCENCE. According to Chapman, the dehiscence is identical 

 with that of the pupa of Cochlidion avellana (testudo). 



FOOD-PLANTS. Oak, beech and black poplar (Borkhausen), poplar 

 (Stainton), birch (Fletcher), hornbeam (Carpinus) (Hering), hazel and 

 lime (Wocke), Prunus padus (Nolcken). 



PARASITES. Sayaritis declinator, Gravenh., and Limneria unicincta 

 Gravenh. (Bignell). 



HABITS AND HABITAT. This species is found in beech woods in the 

 southern counties of England, and flies in the afternoon sunshine, 

 looking, it is said, very much like' a Tortricid moth, although Eedle 

 states that of very many caught in Epping Forest in June, 1861, only 

 one was flying in the sun ; the rest were beaten from beech. Batter- 

 shell Gill says that the male flies swiftly along the ridings of Epping, 

 and, in his experience, is never beaten out. 



TIME OF APPEARANCE. The imagines appear during June and July 

 from larva? that have fed up the previous July-October, remained 

 unchanged in their cocoons all winter, and pupated in May-June. 

 This species (unlike the last) is very uncertain in its appearance. It 

 was especially abundant in 1856 (Stainton), moderately abundant 

 at Lyndhurst in 1884, almost absent in 1885, 1886, 1887, a few in 

 1888, very rare in 1889, 1890, 1891, in great abundance (some hun- 

 dreds of larvae being taken) in October, 1892. The larva? are full-fed 

 in late September and October (September 22nd, 1892, October 

 26th, 1895, etc.). Imagines have been recorded as having occurred on 

 June 28th, 1859, in New Forest (Bryant), June 28th, 1860, in New 

 Forest (Farren), June 22nd, 1861, at Loughton, May 22nd-26th, 

 1893, bred from New Forest (Fenn), July 3rd, 1873, Crabbe wood 

 (G. M. A. Hewett), May 22nd-June 1st, 1876, June 3rd-18th, 1877, 

 bred from beech (A. H. Jones), August 14th, 1879, at Lyndhurst 

 (Sheldon), July 10th, 1885, June 6th, 1893, in New Forest (Lowe), 

 July 22nd, 1887, nr. Arundel (Fletcher), June 20th, 1890, nr. Ply- 

 mouth (F. Briggs), July 5th ,1892, June 14th, 1893, in New Forest 

 (Bankes), commenced to emerge June 9th, 1897, from pupa} from 

 Colchester (Biding), bred many from May 10th-31st, 1897, emerged 

 11 a.m. -2 30 p.m. (Tutt), Boheman notes it, June 10th. at Degeberga, 

 and July 29th and 31st (in cop.), at Sjobo ; June 28th, 1877, 

 at Wladiwostok (Christoph testc Staudingerj. 



LOCALITIES. BUCKS: around Marlow, beech woods (Bernard-Smith). 

 DEVON: Plymouth (Basden-Smith), Plym Valley (F. Briggs), Kimpton (Kudd). 

 ESSEX: Loughton (Fenn), Epping Forest (Gill, Eedle). HANTS: Lyndhurst 

 (Stainton), Crabbe wood (Raynor), Winchester (Hewett), Woolmer Forest 

 (Barrett). SURREY: Horsell (Tugwell). SUSSEX: Wakehurst, Abbott's wood (Barrett), 

 Worthing (Stainton), nr. Arundel (Fletcher). 



DISTRIBUTION. Amurland : Wladiwostok, Charabowska (Christoph 

 tcstc Staudinger). Austria : Dalmatia (Wocke and Speyer), Hungary, 

 Carniola, Vienna (Speyer). Belgium (Fologne). Denmark : rare 

 (Aurivillius). France: Corsica, rare (Cure-), nr. Paris, Depts. of 

 Maas and Doubs (Speyer). Germany : Leipzig, Weimar, Ratisbon 

 (Knapp and Speyer), Oberhessen, nr. Giessen, Nassau (Kayser), 

 Pomerania, nr. Vogelsang, Messenthin (Hering), Thuringia, Erfurt, 

 Jena (Knapp), Konigsberg, Danzig, Mecklenburg, Strelitz, Liine- 



