HETEBOGENEA CKUCIATA. 883 



burg, Berlin, Dessau, Waldeck, Hanover, Kurhessen, Breslau, 

 Glogau, Wiesbaden, Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Wiirfceraburg, Augsburg 

 (Speyer), Saxony (Constant). Italy : moderately common in the 

 northern, central and southern provinces (Curo), Turin, Naples 

 (Speyer). Russia: Livonia (Speyer and Wocke), Sarepta (Wocke), 

 Bielsteinshof (Nolcken), Kasan and Volga districts (Speyer), Trans- 

 caucasia-Borjom, Lagodckhi (Romanoff). Scandinavia: South Sweden 

 (Speyer and Reuter), Degeberga, Sjobo (Boheman). Switzerland : 

 Cantons Berne, Aargau, St. Gallen (Taschler), Zurich, above the 

 Klus, Katzentisch (Riihl). 



Superfamily IV : ANTHROCERIDES. 



This superfamily was included in the Sphinx-belters of Geoffrey, 

 and the Spkinges-Adscitae of Linne, Esper, Borkhausen, etc. Linne's 

 group, Adscitae included (Sys. Nat., 10th ed., p. 494) fdipcndulae, phcyea, 

 creusa, polymena, cassandra, pectinicornis, and statices, i.e., according to 

 our modern views, representatives of the Anthrocerids, Syntomids, 

 Euchromiids, Chalcosids and Procrids. The genus Zyyaena, Fab., 

 also included not only the then known species now referred to this 

 superfamily, but an Arctiid section represented by phegea, and individual 

 members of other important and widely divergent families. Scopoli, 

 in 1777, diagnosed (Introd. Nat. Hist., p. 414) the Burnet moths 

 proper under the name Antkrocera, and Ochsenheimer, in 1808, referred 

 the Arctiid section represented by pJieyea to his genus Syntovtis. 

 Hiibner differentiated the true Burnets, and divided (Verz., pp, 116- 

 118) the then known European species into no less than eight genera, 

 whilst Boisduval, in 1829, monographed the group, calling (Mon. den 

 Zygaenides, pp. 26 and 107) the Anthrocerid members Zygaena, and 

 the Arctiid members, Syntomis. Staudinger, in 1871, placed (Cat. 

 pp. 44 and 50) these sections in different families, but Kir by maintained 

 (Cat. Lep. Het., p. 62) these two divergent elements in his Zygaenidae, 

 as late as 1892, calling the Anthrocerid section Adscitinae, An thro - 

 cerinae, Pyromorphinae, etc., the Arctiid section Zygaeninae, etc. 



The Anthrocerids (or Zygaenids, as they are more generally called) 

 form then a superfamily of moths, which, from the remarkable similarity 

 in colouring and markings of the imagines, have long been erroneously 

 united with an Arctiid family, the Syntomidae (and Euchromiidae). This 

 union has recently been shown to be entirely unwarranted, there being 

 no real alliance between the two groups, the Anthrocerids, in all their 

 stages, being exceedingly generalised moths belonging to Chapman's 

 Incompletae, whilst the Syntomids are highly specialised members of 

 the Arctiid group, and not only fall into the Ubtectae, but belong to an 

 entirely different stirps from that of the Anthrocerids. We are forced, 

 therefore, to the conclusion, that the similarity of coloration and 

 pattern have been evolved independently in the two groups. 



It becomes, therefore, a matter of importance to know the group 

 to which the term Zygaena, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 550 (1775) is 

 applicable. According to Kirby, phegea must be considered the type 

 of Zygaena, Fabr., a mixed genus, comprising generalised (Anthro- 

 cerid) and specialised (Syntomid) species. This genus contains in order, 

 "jilipen<hdae,phcgea, ephialtes, annul ata, caffra, guinecnsis, ccrbera, thetis, 

 fenestrata, cassandra, eryx, melissa, polymena, lethe, fausta, infausta, 

 pugione, pectinicomis, pylotis, auge, capistratq, diptera, halterata, tibialis, 



