ORIGINAL BIOTA OF THE AMERICAS 



Lincoln's sparrow, slate-colored fox 

 sparrow, Arctic towhee, green-tailed 

 towhee, black-headed grosbeak, Lazuli 

 bunting, western tanager, hepatic 

 tanager (Arizona and south), purple 

 martin, cliff swallow, barn swallow, 

 Bohemian waxwing (northerly), cedar 

 waxwing (southerly), red-eyed vireo, 

 (low elevations), western warbling vireo, 

 Cassin's vireo (north and west), plum- 

 beous vireo (east and south), Virginia's 

 warbler (southern), orange-crowned 

 warbler, Tennessee warbler, olive war- 

 bler, Hoover's warbler, Audubon's warb- 

 ler, black-fronted warbler, Grace's 

 warbler, black-throated gray warbler, 

 Townsend's warbler, Macgillivray's war- 

 bler, long-tailed chat, pileolated war- 

 bler, redstart, painted redstart, red- 

 faced warbler (Arizona and south), cat- 

 bird, rock wren, western house wren, 

 western winter wren, Rocky Mountain 

 creeper, Rocky Mountain nuthatch, red- 

 breasted nuthatch, pygmy nuthatch, 

 gray titmouse, long-tailed chickadee, 

 Mexican chickadee, mountain chickadee, 

 Hudsonian chickadee, chestnut-backed 

 chickadee, lead-colored bush-tit, western 

 golden-crowned kinglet, ruby-crowned 

 kinglet, Townsend's solitaire, willow 

 thrush, olive-backed thrush, Audubon's 

 hermit thrush, western robin, northern 

 varied thrush, western bluebird, azure 

 bluebird, chestnut-backed bluebird, 

 mountain bluebird. 



Breeding birds whose habitat is 

 generally limited to the preforest or 

 other early stages of succession include 

 the following: pale goldfinch, western 

 tree sparrow, northern shrike (north- 

 erly), white-rum ped shrike (low eleva- 

 tions), and yellow warbler. 



Breeding birds preferring a moist 

 habitat, generally near a stream or 

 swamp, include the following : tree swal- 

 low, northern violet-green swallow, 

 bank swallow, rough-winged swallow, 

 Grinnell water-thrush, and western 

 yellow-throat. 



Breeding birds whose habitat is 

 limited to the presence of water, gener- 

 ally a local condition, include the fol- 

 lowing: nothern bald eagle, duck hawk, 

 osprey, and dipper. 



3. NORTHWESTERN MOIST CONIFEROUS 

 FOREST BIOTA (NORTHWESTERN HYDRO- 

 PHYTIC EVERGREEN FOREST, SHREVE) 

 (INCLUDES THE LARCH-PINE FOREST 

 AND THE CEDAR-HEMLOCK FOREST; 

 CLEMENTS) (THE COAST FOREST CLI- 

 MAX, CLEMENTS) 



The climate is mild with some rain in 

 all seasons but especially in winter. 



This is "a well-marked type of forest 

 characterized by density of stand and 

 by the size of its trees, which commonly 

 reach 100 to 125 ft. in height and are 

 often in excess of this. The floor of the 

 forest is heavily shaded and supports 

 relatively few deciduous under-trees, 

 although there is usually a rich growth 

 of shrubs and of ferns, mosses, and other 

 herbaceous plants. The trees which 

 characterize this area are the Douglas 

 fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata), redwood 

 (Sequoia sempervirens), western hem- 

 lock (Tsuga heterophylla) , canoe cedar 

 (Thuja plicata), grand fir (Abies grandis) 

 and others." 



The mammals include the elk (Cervus 

 canadensis occidentalism black bear 

 (Ursus americanus group), bob cat 

 (Lynx fasciatus group), and black- 

 tailed deer (Odocoileus columbianus 

 subspp.). 



The breeding birds include the fol- 

 lowing : mountain quail, California quail, 

 sooty grouse, Oregon ruffed grouse, 

 band-tailed pigeon, dusky mourning 

 dove, marsh hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, 

 Cooper hawk, western goshawk, western 

 red-tailed hawk, Alaska red-tail (South- 

 east Alaska), golden eagle, Peale's 

 falcon, black pigeon hawk, sparrow 

 hawk, spotted owl, saw-whet owl (ex- 

 cept Queen Charlotte), island saw-whet 

 owl (except Queen Charlotte), Ken- 

 nicott's screech owl (Oregon and north), 

 Brewster's screech owl (Oregon and 

 south), dusky horned owl, Vancouver 

 pygmy owl (Vancouver Islands), coast 

 pygmy owl (Washington and south), 

 California pygmy owl (Montery, etc.), 

 California cuckoo (Washington and 

 south), Harris' woodpecker (north), 

 white-breasted woodpecker (south), 

 Sitka hairy woodpecker (Southeast Al- 



