168 



NATURALIST'S GUIDE TO THE AMERICAS 



Vancouver, B. C., Dominion Militia 

 Reserve, 1000 acres of northwestern, 

 mesophytic, semi-natural, coniferous 

 forest; cedar, fir and hemlock formation 

 with great variety of thallophytes and 

 bryophytes. Marsh and pond with 

 natural hygrophytic and hydrophytic 

 flora. 



Vancouver, B. C. Electric Car 1 mi. 

 west. John Davidson. 



*Garibaldi Park. (A3.) Provincial 

 Park Reserve of approximately 360 sq. 

 mi. of mountains of volcanic origin (to 

 9000 ft.). Several young lakes of which 

 Garibaldi Lake 3 mi. long by 1 mi. wide 

 is the largest. Many torrential and 

 swift creeks, splendid facilities to study 

 the movement and action of several 

 large glaciers. 



Extensive subalpine slopes and mea- 

 dows, rich and varied arctic-alpine flora, 

 great variety of habitats and corre- 

 sponding plant associations. 



Grizzly bear, timber wolves, goats, 

 marmots, grouse ptarmigan. 



Vancouver, B. C., 45 mi. north, 

 steamer to Squamish, P. G. E. R. R. to 

 Brew Station, walk 10 mi. mountain 

 trail to good camping grounds on Black 

 Tusk Meadows (5100 ft.). Mountain- 

 eering outfit desirable. John Davidson. 



Savary Island. (A3.) Five and one- 

 half miles by approximately one mile of 

 lowland coniferous forest and semi- 

 desert flora, broad-leaved evergreen 

 forest, sand dunes at west, and sandy 

 and rocky bluffs at east end. Beautiful 

 illustration of succession, in transition 

 from sandy sea-shore to luxuriant meso- 

 phytic forest. Many western sapro- 

 phytic and parasitic spermatophytes 

 (Monotropaceae, Orobanchaceae, and 

 Loranthaceae,'. Marine Littoral (Zos- 

 tera). 



Vancouver, B. C., by steamer 82 mi. 

 north to Savary Island. Hotel accom- 

 modation during season. John David- 

 son, and R. S. Sherman. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Whitford, H. N., and Craig, Roland D. 

 Forests of British Columbia. Com- 

 mission of Conservation, Canada. 

 Ottawa, 1918. (A book of 409 pp. 

 with pictures and distribution 

 maps.) 



2. WASHINGTON 



BY GEO. B. RIGG 



(ACCOUNTS OF ANIMALS BY L. R. DICE, 



HELEN T. GAIGE, AND HORACE 



GUNTHORP) 



I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 



A. PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS 



The State of Washington has a great 

 variety of conditions as to topography 

 and climate, resulting in a great diversity 

 of plant and animal communities. The 

 state is divided north and south by the 

 Cascade Mountains. They form a 

 general elevation 100 mi. wide in places, 

 and throughout much of their extent 

 they are 5000 ft. or more in elevation. 

 In or near this range are 5 notable moun- 

 tains: Rainier (14,526ft.), Adams (12,470 

 ft.), Baker (10,827 ft.), Glacier Peak 

 (10,436 ft.) and St. Helens (9750 ft.). 

 The area of perpetual snow is extensive 

 on all of these and glaciers are numerous 

 on most of them. At the south side of 

 the state along the Columbia River, the 

 lowlands of western Washington are 

 continuous with those of eastern Wash- 

 ington. 



A good many places in the Cascades 

 are accessible by train, stage and private 

 conveyance. Other portions are acces- 

 sible only by horse trail, while still others 

 can be reached only by rather strenuous 

 trips on foot. 



East of the mountains the region tends 

 to be semi-arid, while on the west the 

 conditions are much more humid. West 

 of the mountains the climate tends to be 

 equable, while on the east side the differ- 

 ences between the summer temperatures 

 and those of the winter are greater. 

 East of the mountains there are elevated 

 plains of considerable area, the soil of 

 which is in some places of volcanic ash 

 and in other places is of basaltic origin. 

 West of the mountains the characteristic 

 soil is largely glacial till or gravelly out- 

 wash. The Blue Mountains in the 

 southeastern portion of the state have 

 an elevation of 5000 ft. The north- 

 eastern portion of the state is also some- 

 what mountainous. 



