568 



NATURALIST'S GUIDE TO THE AMERICAS 



Alnus oblongifolia, A. tenuifolia, Acer 

 grandidentatum and A. brachypterum, 

 as well as the shrubs Symphoricarpos, 

 Ribes, Cornus, Jamesia, Sorbus, and 

 Pachystima. The herbaceous plants 

 are chiefly of northern relationship, 

 with their activity confined to the 

 earliest weeks of the brief growing 

 season. 



2. Animals (Canadian Zone) (A. E. 

 G.}. a. Mammals. Sorex vagrans mon- 

 ticola, San Francisco mountain shrew; 

 Mustela arizonensis, Arizona weasel 

 (also Transition) ; Callospermophilus la- 

 teralis arizonensis, golden-mantled 

 squirrel (also Transition); Eutamias 

 minimus arizonensis, Arizona chipmunk; 

 Eutamias cinereicollis cinereicollis, San 

 Francisco mountain chipmunk (also 

 Transition); Sciurus fremonti mogol- 

 lonensis } Mogollon squirrel; Sciurus 

 fremonti grahamensis, Graham moun- 

 tain's squirrel; Thomomys fulvus fulvus, 

 Fulvous pocket gohper (also Transi- 

 tion); Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus, 

 tawny white-footed mouse (also Transi- 

 tion) ; Neotoma mexicana pinetorum, 

 San Francisco mountain wood rat 

 (also Transition) ; Microtus alticola alii- 

 cola, San Francisco mountain meadow 

 mouse; Microtus alticola leucophaeus, 

 Graham Mountain's meadow mouse; 

 Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, Rocky 

 Mountain mule deer (also Transition); 

 Odocoileus couesi, Coues' white-tailed 

 deer. 



6. Birds. Merriam's turkey (also 

 Transition), band-tailed pigeon (also 

 Transition), white-breasted woodpecker, 

 olive-sided flycatcher, Richardson's fly- 

 catcher, long-crested jay, Clarke's nut- 

 cracker, pine siskin, red-backed junco 

 (also Transition), Arizona junco, spur- 

 red towhee (also Transition), green- 

 tailed towhee, northern violet green 

 swallow, olive warbler, Audubon's warb- 

 ler (also Transition), red-faced warbler 

 (also Transition), western house wren 

 (also Transition), Sierra madre creeper 

 (also Transition), Rocky Mountain 

 nuthatch (also Transition), pygmy nut- 

 hatch (also Transition), Townsend's 

 solitaire, Rocky Mountain hermit thrush 

 mountain bluebird. 



III. PRESENT BIOTA 



Original conditions with respect to 

 plant life have been modified in varying 

 degree. None of the major vegetational 

 types have been destroyed, however, 

 except on local areas. Cultivation has 

 made very limited inroads. Lumbering 

 and fire have devastated considerable 

 areas of forest, but still larger bodies 

 remain in the virgin state. Very few 

 localities are free from the influence 

 of domestic grazing animals; but sub- 

 stantial areas of all vegetational types 

 are nearly in a natural state. 



Wild animal life has been disturbed 

 by the activities of man to a greater 

 extent, perhaps, than plant life. Game 

 laws and game refuges promise to pre- 

 serve animals subject to extermination, 

 but such artificial restrictions will not 

 restore a natural balance. Among the 

 wild animals still more or less abundant 

 are bear, cougar, bob-cat coyote, deer, 

 pronghor antelope, beaver, black-tailed 

 jackrabbit, Abert squirrel, Kaibab squir- 

 rel, horned lark, road-runner, dusky 

 grouse, Arizona jay, pinyon jay, Clarks 

 nutcracker, Merriam's turkey, ducks 

 and geese. Lakes and streams are 

 as a rule artificially stocked with fish. 

 Those which occur in the high moun- 

 tains are fairly free from pollution. 



IV. NATURAL AREAS 



*Grand Canyon National Park. Area 

 312,290 acres. Altitudes range from 

 2000 at the bottom of the canyon to 

 over 8000 on the north rim. The higher 

 plateau country bears magnificent for- 

 ests of virgin yellow pine (Pinus ponde- 

 rosa scopulorum. In the canyon may 

 be found a great variety of vegetation 

 ranging from extreme desert types to 

 the moisture-loving forms occupying 

 north exposures and water courses. 

 Timber cutting and hunting are pro- 

 hibited, but cattle grazing is permitted. 



Grand Canyon*, A. T. & S. F. R. R. 



Apache Indian Reservation. 1,681,920 

 acres in east central Arizona. Altitudes 

 range from 4000 to 11,000 ft., and vegeta- 

 tional zones from desert-grassland to 

 spruce forest. 



