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with their unholy millions of money, and their art 

 treasures stolen from temples, fanes, and private 

 dwellings, harried the provinces subject to them, so 

 that the opulent provincials were reduced to beggary, 

 while the industrial classes were harassed with ex- 

 actions and confiscations, and the agricultural popula- 

 tion had the food necessary for the support of their 

 families snatched from their hands. But nowhere 

 does Cicero, or any classical writer, speak of over- 

 population causing misery or depreciation of the 

 standard of living. In the communities of ancient 

 Greece, where there existed a continuous struggle 

 between obligarchic and democratic factions, it some- 

 times happened that the dominant political party of 

 a State sent out numbers of its partisans to found new 

 settlements or to secure their hold upon existing 

 colonies. But no Grecian colony of which we have 

 any knowledge was founded from the necessity that 

 pressed upon the parent State of getting relief from 

 the burden of a surplus population. 



We have no reason to believe that the migratory 

 movements of population in ancient times, whether 

 having their origin in political or commercial reasons, 

 as in the planting of Greek colonies along the Euxiiie, 

 in Italy, and elsewhere, or manifested in the barbarian 

 inundations that overwhelmed the Roman Empire, were, 

 in any instance, due to the pressure of an exuberant 

 home population. 



The latter migrations are to be attributed to the 

 spirit of adventure and the joy of battle animating 



