178 NO STRUGGLE NO SELECTION 



market and the effect of emigration. According to 

 the degree in which these factors operate, is the 

 visible effect of the declining mortality upon the 

 birth-rate neutralised. Ever since it has become 

 possible to regard the tables of vital statistics compiled 

 by most of the European countries as substantially 

 reliable, both of the above-mentioned factors of eleva- 

 tion have been constantly making their action felt. 

 From some countries there has issued forth, year by 

 year, a larger stream of emigration than from others ; 

 and again, in some countries the labour market has 

 been expanding more rapidly than in others. In 

 almost every country both factors have, in a greater 

 or less degree, been operative during the period of our 

 survey. Thus the decline in the mortality tending to 

 lower the birth-rate is encountered by the two factors 

 which tend to elevate it ; and in the resultant move- 

 ment of the birth-rate we perceive neither the force of 

 the lowering factor nor the force of either of the 

 elevating factors made visibly manifest, notwithstand- 

 ing that the forces of all the three are producing their 

 full effects. 



In the following tables, which exhibit in juxtaposi- 

 tion the death-rates and birth-rates of those European 

 countries upon whose statistics I place reliance, I have 

 taken the four decades extending from the year 1864 

 to the year 1903, and have made, when the occasion 

 seemed to call for them, such explanatory statements 

 as may tend to elucidate anything that seems peculiar 

 in the movement of population. 



