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emigrants prior to the war, the excess of emigration 

 over immigration rose to an annual average of 75,600 

 in the decade of 1874-83, and 79,100 in the 

 following decade. Nevertheless, the actual decennial 

 increases of population continued to exceed 11 per 

 cent. 



But the policy of protecting the industries of 

 Germany and keeping out the industrial products of 

 other countries that competed in German markets with 

 the same products of German industry, established and 

 fostered under the auspices of Bismarck, imparted such 

 a stimulus to industrial and commercial enterprise 

 throughout the empire, that every town and city 

 seemed to awake to a new life, and centres of 

 industry began to spring up and fill with large 

 populations. 



One result of this great expansion of the labour 

 market was that, whereas between 1893 and 1903 

 the death-rate declined by nearly 14 per cent., the 

 birth-rate declined by only 3'5 per cent., and the 

 decennial increase of the population of Prussia bounded 

 up from three millions in the decade 1884-93 to 

 five millions in the decade 1894-1903, the rate 

 of increase having risen from ll'l per cent, to 16'2 

 per cent. 



. From 79,000 persons in the previous decade, the 

 annual excess of emigration fell to less than 18,000. 

 This decline in the amount of emigration was con- 

 sequent upon the great material betterment that had 

 accrued to the working classes of Prussia, and rendered 



