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electrical communication, and the ubiquitous printing 

 press, that transmit and diffuse the active forces and 

 principles of civilisation so that no knowledge is 

 acquired, no discovery is recorded, no invention is 

 made, that does not become the common property of 

 all. It is of importance also to consider that the 

 noteworthy events that occur upon any day in one 

 country circulate as news next morning, and are 

 matters of general interest in all the others. Add to 

 this that all progressive nations are developing their 

 material resources in a manner and degree hitherto 

 unexampled, expanding their trade and commerce, 

 and are thereby being brought to realise more clearly 

 their predestined interdependence and their community 

 of interest. 



From all these causes the more backward or less 

 advanced nations of the progressive group, the more 

 recent recruits, so to speak, in the army of progress, 

 are receiving continuous influences from the more 

 highly civilised, and are being potently acted upon 

 by them, and have, accordingly, their progress acceler- 

 ated, so that they are being raised to the level attained 

 by the latter. The forward advance made in the 

 nineteenth century was undoubtedly inaugurated by 

 the shaking of the nations caused by the French 

 Revolution and the Napoleonic wars, that overthrew 

 the props and bulwarks of the feudal system, and 

 laid the foundations of a new social order. One 

 pregnant result of it was the stimulus imparted to 

 the human mind by the convulsions, upheavals, and 



