654 NUTRITION OF FARM ANIMALS 



and by Kornauth and Arche 1 upon the nutritive value of 

 cockle may be made the basis of estimates of the energy expendi- 

 ture due to feed consumption, while the later investigations 

 of Von der Heide and Klein, 2 of Fingerling, Kohler and Rein- 

 hardt 3 and of Wellmann, 4 were directed more specifically 

 toward a study of the energy relations. 



Neither of the two investigations first mentioned included any 

 energy determinations, but by substantially the same method as that 

 applied in the previous paragraph to experiments with sheep, assum- 

 ing an average maintenance requirement, the heat increment per 

 unit of feed may be computed. 



Von der Heide and Klein, in Zuntz's laboratory, have measured with 

 the aid of a respiration apparatus of the Regnault-Reiset type (298) 

 the metabolism of three swine on a basal ration slightly more than 

 sufficient for maintenance and consisting of barley meal, dried potatoes 

 and dried yeast, and also the effect of the addition to this basal ration 

 of dried potatoes and of palm oil. The energy of the feed and excreta 

 was determined. Estimating the fasting katabolism of the three ani- 

 mals from the body surface, the results may be computed as in the 

 two previous experiments. A computation from the total heat in- 

 crements above the basal ration (i.e., without correction for the dif- 

 ferences in live weight) gives somewhat higher results. 



Fingerling, Kohler and Reinhardt, in experiments on two growing 

 swine about eight months old, added approximately pure nutrients 

 (starch, peanut oil, straw pulp, wheat gluten, flesh meal and sugar) 

 to a basal ration consisting of ground barley with a little flesh meal. 

 The animals gained steadily in weight. By a comparison of the first 

 and last periods, on the basal ration, the authors compute the 

 average fasting katabolism per square meter of body surface to 

 have been 1044.67 Cals., which agrees fairly well with the average 

 computed in Chapter VIII (377), viz., 1089 Cals. per square 

 meter. Taking the average of the first and last periods as the basal 

 ration, in order to eliminate the effects of the increase in live weight, 

 and subtracting it from the results of the intermediate periods, the 

 fasting katabolism being estimated in proportion to the surface of 

 the animal, the heat increment due to the added nutrients may be 

 computed in the manner illustrated for starch in the following table, 

 while by correcting the results obtained in the first and last periods for 

 the small amount of flesh meal included in the ration, the energy expen- 

 diture per gram of dry matter in the barley may likewise be estimated. 



1 Landw. Vers. Stat., 40 (1892), 177. 2 Biochem. Ztschr., 55 (1913), 195. 



3 Landw. Vers. Stat., 84 (1914), 149. 4 Landw. Jahrb., 46 (1914), 499. 



