64 OLD-FASHIONED GARDENING 



the lily frutilaria, anemones, baredames" (another 

 mystery), "violets, marigolds, summer sots" (possibly 

 daisies, sometimes called "maudlin wort"), "&c. The 

 clove tree has also been introduced; and there are 

 various indigenous trees that bear handsome flowers 

 which are unknown in the Netherland." 



By "the clove tree" he must mean the real spice 

 clove Caryophyllus aromaticus. This is cultivated 

 in the West Indies, where the Dutch had long traded, 

 and doubtless they thought it possible that it would 

 grow here. Certainly it was worth trying, for it is 

 a valuable tree. There is another plant, sometimes 

 called the clove tree, that is native to Australia, but 

 that continent was little more than discovered at this 

 time, hence it could hardly be this. 



He mentions some flowers of "native growth" of 

 merit, from which it is obvious that these have risen 

 to sufficient esteem to be welcomed in the gardens; 

 "as for instance, sun flowers, red and yellow lilies, 

 mountain lilies" (martagon lilies), "morning stars, 

 and red, white and yellow maritoffles (a very sweet 

 flower), several species of bell flower, etc." 



"Morning stars" are a problem; so are the "mari- 

 toffles." The first may mean the common bind- 

 weed or Convolvulus septum, although an old Ameri- 

 can writer describes under the name of "morning stars" 

 a flowering tree or shrub growing in great abundance on 





