114 ACQUIRED CHARACTERS SEC. 



hearing an acute perception of sound is no longer so necessary 

 as in the natural state. But the reason why these dogs begin 

 to erect the tail and carry it upright, while the ancestral 

 jackal, like the wolf, carries it hanging down, is not so easy 

 to discover, although the fact could scarcely be explained as 

 a case of adaptation. 1 As a rule, the Constantinople dogs re- 

 tain not merely the exact shape of the jackal, the pointed 

 head, the narrow body, etc., but also the brownish yellow 

 ground colour, although they are spotted with black, or black 

 and white. Occasionally, however, the black or white 

 becomes preponderant dogs uniformly black have come 

 under my notice, especially on the Asiatic side of the 

 Bosphorus, in Scutari. 



In a journey through Eoumelia and Bulgaria over the 

 Balkans from Constantinople to Adrianople, Philippopolis, 

 Sophia, and thence to Lom-Palanka on the Danube I was 

 able to trace, I may say step by step, a transformation of the 

 brown, somewhat spotted jackal-dog into an ordinary domes- 

 tic dog, which is at first like the Pomeranian breed, with a 

 short compressed body and tail rolled up, and which, in con- 

 sequence of better nourishment, is large and strong, and more 

 uniformly coloured, most often white. The farther one passes 

 into Christian regions that is, the more the dog becomes a 

 house animal, the more does he show this transformation, of 

 which a great part is imdoubtedly due to better nourishment 

 in other words, to directly acquired and inherited characters. 



I have to remark further that through these observations, 

 and through the study of ancient monuments, particularly of 

 those of the tombs in Athens, where the departed are con- 

 stantly represented with their favourite clogs, I have reached 

 the conviction that the Pomeranian is a breed directly derived 

 from the jackal, and must be considered one of the most 

 ancient breeds. All the dogs on those Greek monuments are 



1 See a subsequent passage. 



