ANALYSIS OF HIGHER GROUPS. 45 



fc. s Bill not strongly hooked. 



Z. 1 Recta-ices rigid, acuminate Pici. 



t* Rectrices neither rigid nor acu- 

 minate. 

 m. 1 Inner hind toe 5-jointed. 



Coccyges (Trogones). 

 m. 1 Inner hind toe 2-jointed. 



Coccyges (Cuculi). 



i.* With webs between bases of anterior toes. 

 j, 1 Gape excessively broad and deeply cleft. 



Wings greatly elongated - 



Macrochires (Caprimulgi). 

 /.* Gape normal. Wings short, concave... 



. Gallinae (Penelopes). 



h* Hind toe elevated Gallinae (Phasiani). 



a. 1 Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct cere at base. 



A. 1 Toes 2 in front Fsittaci (exotic species). 



h.* Toes 3 in front, or else outer toe reversible. 

 t. 1 Hind toe incumbent. 



j. 1 Eyes directed forward. Outer toe re- 



. versible Accipitres (Strives). 



/.* Eyes lateral. Outer toe not reversible 



(except Pandion) Accipitres (FaJcones). 



i. 1 Hind toe short, el evated . . .Accipitres (SarcorhampM). 

 /.* Lower part of tibia not feathered near joint, or else bill 



lengthened and grooved. 



0. 1 Hind toe, if present, elevated, or else claws ex- 

 tremely lengthened. 

 A. 1 Whole head feathered, or else size small (length 



loss than 1 foot) Limicolae. 



h.* Part of head naked. Size large (more than 3 



feet long) Paludicolae (Grues). 



0.* Hind toe incumbent, and claws never extremely 

 lengthened. 



h. 1 Loral and orbital regions fully feathered 



Paludicolse (Ralli). 

 h.* Loral or orbital regions, or both, naked. 



i. 1 Inner edge of middle claw pectinated 



Herodiones (Herodii). 



i. 1 Inner edge of middle claw not pectinated. 

 j. 1 Sides of maxilla without trace of lateral 



groove Herodiones (Ciconice). 



j* Sides of maxilla with distinct lateral 



groove Herodiones (Ibides). 



.* Anterior toes distinctly webbed. 



f. 1 Legs inserted underneath the equilibrium, the body 



being horizontal when in standing position Longipennes . 



/.* Legs inserted far backward, the body being more or 



less erect when in a standing position Pygopodes (Cepphi). 



d* Bill with distinctly fringed or toothed tomia. 



e. 1 Legs extremely lengthened; bill bent abruptly downward 



at the middle Odontoglossee. 



e? Legs short or but moderately lengthened; bill not bent 



downwards in middle Anseres. 



e.* Hind toe connected with the inner one by a web Steganopodes. 



&. 1 Nostrils tubular Tnbinares. 



a." Rectriees entirely absent Pygopodes (Podicipedes\ 



