DESIGN OF PARK AND RECREATION AREAS 129 



ological growth of children such as good posture, depth of chest, strength 

 of heart, active circulation, and good digestion. Plays and games recom- 

 mended to accomplish these results involve walking in difficult places; 

 digging, lifting and hauling; running, throwing, striking, swinging, hanging 

 by the arms; running, dodging and chasing; swimming, playful fighting 

 and wrestling. Good health and sound physical growth are the ends and 

 aims of these plays and games. 



2. Plays and games that tend to make the body the perfect organ of 

 feeling, thinking and execution even under the stress of great excitement. 

 Plays and games recommended involve activities tending to complete inte- 

 gration of mind and body and include all the innumerable games of skill 

 beginning perhaps with the game of hopscotch, jumping rope, hoop rolling, 

 bean bag board, ring toss, the simple games of ball, tip cat, top spinning, 

 jackstones, marbles, and concluding with the more complicated games of 

 ball. 



3. Plays and games that develop the individualistic virtues. Plays 

 and games recommended involve activities tending toward development of 

 courage, self-respect, admiration for skill, desire for efficiency, persistence, 

 sense of justice, love of fair play, sympathy and sociability. Games recom- 

 mended as developing sociability are the traditional singing games, folk 

 plays and dances; as developing sympathy, games of impersonation or dra- 

 matic plays, and games where the players alternate in having the desirable 

 and undesirable parts; as contributing to the development of the sense of 

 justice and fair play, all games that are or must be played according to rules. 



4. Plays and games that tend toward a higher expression of the indi- 

 vidual in social relationships and for social ends. Games recommended are 

 group games involving not only an expression of the individualistic qualities 

 mentioned under the preceding paragraph, but their expression under a 

 higher order of social organization. Some of such games are dodge ball, 

 volley ball, captain ball, basket ball, baseball, hockey, and football for 

 boys; and, for girls, such of these games as have been modified for their use. 



All the plays and games specifically mentioned above, except modified 

 ball games, require, on the average, not more than forty square feet per 

 child. The traditional games of skill, too commonly neglected (marbles, 

 hopscotch, jackstones, tops, jump rope, etc.), require even less space. 



Space Requirements for Apparatus on Children's Playgrounds. In the 

 following table are given the dimensions and approximate use areas of 

 several types of apparatus frequently installed on children's playgrounds. 

 Since the types of equipment made by the various manufacturers differ 

 somewhat, the dimensions and areas given are merely suggestive. Further- 



