DESIGN OF PARK AND RECREATION AREAS 159 



approach and more accurately placed shots. Four general arrangements 

 are in use, the "bottle-neck" arrangement with ramparts on both sides 

 of the green, causing the opening between the hazards to be narrow; the 

 one-sided arrangement with a bunker on one side only; the back hazards 

 that give the appearance at least, if not in fact, of the green's being well 

 protected; and the circular or all-around scheme, in which the green is 

 entirely enclosed by bunkers. This is the most difficult of the four types 

 to play and therefore one of the most interesting. 



The location of the course with relation to the natural hazards should 

 be considered with care. Water hazards, for example, should not occur so 

 that they will involve compulsory carries that are too long, as they are apt 

 to be the cause of too many lost balls, too much congestion along the course, 

 and of too much discomfort to the short driver. 



The proper construction of the hazards is almost as important as the 

 proper location of them. Artificial hazards must be so constructed as to 

 stop every ball hit into them and to allow the player to extricate a ball in one 

 well-played shot. They must penalize by causing a loss of distance but not 

 by completely crippling the player. Their size and character will depend in 

 large measure upon the amount of money that is available to construct them. 



The ordinary type of artificial hazard is the bunker, which consists of 

 a sand pit lying in front of a cop or rampart of earth. When the cop is 

 high and the pit before it is narrow, the bunker is rendered unplayable. 

 When the reverse is the case where the cop is low and pit is wide, it becomes 

 an insufficient penalty. In general the wider the pit, the higher should be 

 the cop. A satisfactory ratio of average depth to width will prove to be 

 about one to four. The ramparts should not be constructed to such a height 

 that they prevent the player who is playing a position close to the bunker 

 from sizing up a shot to the green. This places too much of a premium 

 upon local knowledge of the course. 



The main objection that applies to the construction of artificial haz- 

 ards in the past is that they have assumed an appearance too stiff and 

 geometrical in effect. They are immeasurably better when naturalistic in 

 character and more nearly in the spirit of the surrounding landscape. 



The various holes or units comprising the course may follow different 

 directions or lines of play, and in so doing may be made to fit a large variety 

 of needs. They may be arranged in a clockwise or in a counter-clockwise 

 manner, they may wander back and forth over the ground ad libitum, and 

 at all sorts of angles, or they may see-saw or parallel each other and verge 

 dangerously upon the edge of monotony, for the parallel arrangement is 

 the least interesting of all. Under no circumstances, however, is the crossing 

 of the line of play from one hole to another allowable. 



