DESIGN OF PARK AND RECREATION AREAS 161 



It is often possible to use the counter-clockwise scheme between the 

 ninth and eighteenth holes following the clockwise arrangement used in 

 the first half of the course. 



Sometimes a change of direction within single units or lines of play 

 may be introduced, through the medium of angles and turns in the fair- 

 green known as "doglegs." The essential things to keep in mind about 

 them are that they should be placed so that the ball of the good player 

 will land, upon the first or second shot, at a distance of from one hundred 

 and fifty to two hundred or even four hundred yards from the tee. The 

 angle of turn is usually obtuse, though it may be a right angle. There 

 should be a radius of leeway allowed at each turning, so as to permit the 

 player to exceed or fall short with his shot by a slight distance without 

 penalty. Groups of trees ought to mark the bounds of this area so as to 

 make it more easily distinguishable. A "dogleg" is not placed at the first 

 hole, because anything that tends to hold up play is undesirable at this 

 part of the course (as noted later). As many as one-third of the fair-greens 

 may be in the form of these angles or turns. 



As to orientation, a change of direction in the line of play is often 

 affected by the probable glare of the sun. North and south plays are safest 

 from the annoyance of the morning and afternoon sun. East and west ones 

 are not so pleasant. 



The need for variation in direction of lines of play is accompanied by 

 the need for variation in the lengths and distances. There are long lines of 

 play and short ones as well as various kinds between, some of them designed 

 to afford interest and variation, others to test skill, and still others to "hurry 

 the course." Obviously interest and variation will be missing if successive 

 lines of play are similar in length. Tests of skill will be lacking where 

 simple shots are too numerous; and on the other hand, if shots are too 

 long and too difficult, the players will soon become exasperated. 



Short holes should be hard and interesting, should not succeed each 

 other and should not be too numerous not more than a total of five in 

 an eighteen-hole course. The longer holes serve mostly to test a player's 

 ability and to speed the course. The last of the first nine holes and the 

 last of the second nine are desirable places to stage tests of skill. In fact, 

 the last three holes of a course might well be severe tests. The first and 

 second holes may be rather long but should be free of unnecessary hazards, 

 so as to get the players away from the clubhouse, thus avoiding congestion 

 at the start. 



Whatever may be the length of play from tee to green, it is determined 

 primarily by the number of strokes that are involved in covering the dis- 

 tance. There may be three-, four-, five- (rarely six-) stroke holes which 



