234 PARKS 



ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, AQUARIUMS, BOTANICAL GARDENS, 

 ARBORETUMS, CONSERVATORIES 



These features of park systems are each considered in separate chapters 

 or sections of chapters. Their design involves highly technical scientific 

 problems and in the case of zoological gardens, aquariums and conserva- 

 tories, structural engineering as well. These problems are separate and 

 apart from those involved in the design of active recreation areas or of the 

 different types of park areas in which the application of the principles of 

 landscape architecture is of prime importance. They will be discussed in 

 detail in chapters or sections of chapters. 



SERVICE AREAS 



Those areas in park systems devoted to the location of barns, shops, 

 storehouses, greenhouses and other structures and uses connected with 

 operation and maintenance are often the most unsightly places imaginable. 

 Ugliness and disorder are not necessarily fundamental characteristics of 

 such areas. By proper designing of the areas and especially by everlasting 

 maintenance of order, system and upkeep these areas may be made very 

 attractive. 



Examples of the design of service areas are given in Chapter XI, 

 "Maintenance." 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



DESIGN OF PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS "Landscape Gardening for Playgrounds," Charles 



"Athletic Facilities to Meet Modern Needs in Towns Mulford Robinson. Pamphlet No. 22, published by the 



and Cities," Gavin Hadden. Reprinted from The Amer- P. R. A. A. 



icon City. Published by Gavin Hadden, 607 Fifth "The Landscape Treatment of Parks," F. L. Olmsted, 



Avenue, New York City. Contains illustrations, plans j r Bailey's Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, 1916, 



and descriptions of various types of athletic field lay- Vol IV> pages I8o i-i8o7. Plans and tables of statis- 



outs - tics; includes also brief definitions of types of public 



"Block Interior Parks," F. J. Herding. Park Inter- parks. 



national, March, 1921, Vol. II, pages 116-125. Illus- "Layout and Equipment of Playgrounds." Sugges- 



trated, plans. tions for laying out playgrounds and athletic fields with 



"Construction and Beautification of Playgrounds and plans, the selection and placing of apparatus and the 



Recreation Fields," Karl B. Lohmann. The Playground, construction of homemade apparatus. Published by 



July, 1926, pages 205-208. the P. R. A. A. 



"The Design of the Larger Municipal Park," Karl B- "Park and Playground Design and Ornament." 



Lohmann. Parks and Recreation, November-December, Parks and Recreation, September-October, 1925, page 



1925, pages 115-135. 72; November-December, 1925, page 161. Round table 



"Fundamentals of Design to Create Beauty in Play- discussion at the convention of American Institute of 



grounds," Charles N. Lowrie, Landscape Architect, Park Executives. 



New York City. The American City, April, 1927, page "Parks and Playgrounds," Frederick Law Olmsted. 



445. The Playground, September, 1920, page 347. A plea 



"An Introduction to the Study of Landscape Design," for the beautification of the playground. 

 Henry Vincent Hubbard. Macmillan Company, New "Playgrounds and Parks from the Designer's Stand- 

 York, 1924, Part IV. point," Frederick Law Olmsted. Proceedings of the 



