238 PARKS 



of the fundamental importance of having a careful topographical survey of 

 every property in a park system.) 



LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT'S PLANS AND DESIGNS 



The preceding chapter is devoted to suggestions on elements of designs 

 of different types of park and recreation areas. In construction, the designs 

 of the landscape architect stand in the same general relation to the park 

 engineer as do the designs of the building architect to the building engineer. 

 No park governing authority should attempt to begin construction work 

 on any property under its jurisdiction without first having obtained a design 

 by the most competent landscape architect who can be secured. This is 

 just as important in small systems as large ones. 



GRADING 



Grading in construction has two purposes. First, the topography in 

 most recreation areas will need certain changes to make it conform to the 

 picture which the landscape architect believes the given property should 

 present from a landscape viewpoint. An elevation may be required in one 

 place; in another an elevation may need to be lowered. It may be desirable 

 to create a body of water in a certain location; in another to fill a depression. 

 These are general purposes. Secondly, grading is almost invariably involved 

 in the construction of specific features such as the preparation of a roadbed 

 or the beds for walks and trails, the planning of areas for various kinds of 

 games and sports or the erection of certain structures. 



The preparation of general grading plans is the function of the land- 

 scape architect. Except as grading is touched upon in dealing with other 

 subjects in this chapter, no attempt will be made to discuss the technical 

 processes of handling this important phase of construction work. 



DRAINAGE AND OTHER ENGINEERING PROBLEMS 



Drainage is one of the most fundamental considerations in the physical 

 layout of park properties, and careful consideration must be given to it. 

 The following pages contain a detailed discussion of drainage and other 

 engineering problems. Most of this material was prepared by Albert D. 

 Taylor, landscape architect and town planner of Cleveland, Ohio, and was 

 first published in Landscape Architecture. 



NOTES ON INSTALLATION OF DRAINAGE 1 



Purposes of drainage. The kinds of drainage to which these notes refer 

 are tile drains, vitrified or porous, laid with open joints or with cemented 

 joints. The general purposes of drainage are as follows: 



1 Albert D. Taylor in Landscape Architecture, July 1922. 



