PARKS 



Excavation for foundation. The average labor hours per cubic yard on 

 five trenches excavated by hand were as follows: 



Depth 



3 

 5 

 4-5 



2 

 2-5 



Length 



2113 



I 7 8 



125 



495 



82 



Concrete foundations. Using a one-bag mixer requiring the wheeling of 

 the concrete 50 feet and shoveling into forms from wheelbarrows, the 

 average rate is .25 cubic yard per man per hour. An average of two jobs 

 where such a long wheelbarrow haul was not required was .43 cubic yard 

 per man hour, when a one-bag mixer was used with six men in a crew. 

 When concrete was mixed by hand for wall foundation an average of five 

 different jobs was 6.92 labor hours per cubic yard or .14 cubic yard per 

 labor hour. 



STEPS AND RAMPS 



A comprehensive article entitled " Notes with Reference to the Con- 

 struction of Steps and Ramps," by Albert D. Taylor, was published in the 

 October, 1923, issue of Landscape Architecture. The detailed plans and 

 illustrations accompanying the article are especially valuable. Lack of 

 space makes it impossible to reproduce it in this chapter. 



CONSTRUCTION OF TURF AREAS FOR LAWN SPORTS -^ 

 IN THE NORTHERN STATES 1 v*- 



Drainage. In all cases in establishing a lawn the first consideration 

 should be to secure good drainage. It is not possible to lay down hard and 

 fast rules for drainage, which will suit all situations and soil formations. 

 The essential point is that the drain lines. should be so laid out as to secure 

 the speedy removal of surplus water from the soil, thus ensuring that stag- 

 nation will not follow a wet season, nor soil aeration be arrested. Even 

 though lawn grasses are not essentially deep-rooted plants as compared to 

 shrubs and trees, they should be encouraged to root as deeply as possible 

 so that in time of drought they will not be so likely to burn out. Nothing 

 is more likely to ensure deep rooting than ample drainage and good subsoil 

 conditions. 



The drains should be at least thirty inches deep in any soil, and they 

 may be laid at intervals of twenty feet or even less in stiff, cold land. In 



1 Albert D. Taylor in Landscape Architecture, January 1927. 



