PARK SANITATION 879 



it is essential that the movements of the air throughout the room or tent 

 are such that the inside air is practically the same as that on the outside. 

 If extraordinary care is devoted to the ventilation it is possible to main- 

 tain healthful conditions in crowded sleeping quarters even where only 

 twenty to twenty-five square feet is allotted to each occupant. 



The use of double deck bunks should be avoided, if possible, and 

 wherever used, the tiers (standees) should be placed away from the walls 

 of the building or tent in order that there may be free circulation of air on 

 all sides. Where beds are placed side by side the head and foot arrange- 

 ment should be practiced whenever there is less than one hundred square 

 feet of floor space per person. That is, the head of each bed is opposite the 

 foot of the bed on either side. The greater the distance separating the 

 heads of the sleepers the less danger there is of direct transmission of mas- 

 sive doses of air-borne germs of respiratory diseases. Weather permitting, 

 the walls of tents should be rolled every day so that the interior is thoroughly 

 aired or sunned. If buildings are used as sleeping quarters, the bedding 

 should be taken out of doors and sunned twice each week. 



INSECT CONTROL 



There are several kinds of insects that cause a great deal of annoyance 

 to people using parks and reservations, especially at certain seasons of the 

 year. Among these are mosquitoes, common house flies, "chiggers," ticks 

 and vermin of various kinds. Of these the mosquito and the fly cause the 

 most annoyance and discomfort and are also a direct menace to health. 

 Because so many park properties are in the vicinity of lakes, ocean, rivers, 

 small streams and because bodies of still water are commonly made a part 

 of the landscape feature of large parks, and often small ones as well, mosquito 

 control becomes a problem of great importance at certain times of the year. 

 In the vicinity of camps and picnic grounds, refreshment stands and res- 

 taurants, flies are also likely to be very numerous during the warm parts 

 of the year in the northern and middle sections of the country and in the 

 extreme south the year around. Chiggers and wood ticks are found through- 

 out the entire country. Vermin such as lice, bedbugs and roaches are most 

 likely to be found in camps and resort hotels in parks. 



Mosquitoes. 1 



Water is necessary to the development of all varieties of mosquitoes. 

 The female mosquito lays her eggs, approximately two hundred at one time, 

 on the surface of the water. These eggs hatch into larvae or wiggletails in 



1 This section on Mosquito Control is taken almost verbatim from "Applied Municipal Sanitation," by V. M. 

 Ehlers, Chief Sanitary Engineer; E. G. Eggert, Sanitary Engineer; and Ella G. White, Secretary; all of Division 

 of Sanitary Engineers, State Health Department of Texas, published by the Texas Association of Sanitarians, 

 Austin, Tecas, 1925, Chapter III, pages 107-119. 



