ITS FLORA. 35 



"bronze spear, and the primitive matchlock, afford to the 

 archaeologist and historian. 



Proceeding upon such principles as those indicated in the 

 preceding paragraphs, the botanist arranges all vegetables 

 into two grand divisions the CELLULA-R and the VASCU- 

 LAR : the former embracing those which, like the mush- 

 rooms and lichens and sea-weeds, possess no regular vessels, 

 but are composed of a mere congeries of cells or cellular 

 tissue ; the latter comprising those that are composed of 

 various tissues and furnished with various organs of nutri- 

 tion and reproduction. Again, he subdivides the vascular 

 into the FLOWERLESS, as the mosses, equisetunis, and ferns ; 

 and the FLOWERING, which embraces the palms, and lilies, 

 and grasses, the pines and cycads, and all herbs and shrubs, 

 and true timber-trees. In the Flowerless division (Crypto- 

 gams or Sporocarps, as they are sometimes termed) the 

 organs of reproduction are not essentially different from the 

 other parts ; that is, they are not apparent similar cells 

 forming alike the organs of growth and the organs of re- 

 production. On the other hand, in the Flowering (Phane- 

 rogams or Spermocarps) the organs' of reproduction are 

 apparent the seed being enclosed in an embryo in which 

 the rudiments of the future plant are distinguishable. Still 

 subdividing and arranging, he speaks of Dicotyledons, or 

 those whose seeds, like the bean and acorn, are furnished 

 with two lobes ; of Monocotyledons, or those like the palms 

 and grasses, which have only one seed-lobe ; of Acoty- 

 ledons, or those like the ferns and fungi, which have no lobes, 

 but are propagated by spores, and so termed Sporocarps in 

 contradistinction to the Spermocarps, or those bearing true 

 seed-fruits. Again, looking at their modes of development, 

 the botanist speaks of Exogens, or plants whose stems in- 

 crease by external layers of annual growth around a central 

 pith hence the concentric rings of the ash and beech ; 



