MODERN EVOLUTION. 



193 



damental characteristic both of societies and of living 

 creatures is, that they consist of mutually dependent 

 parts; and it would seem that this involves a com- 

 munity of various other characteristics. . . . Mean- 

 while, if any such correspondence exists, it is clear 

 that Biology and Sociology will more or less inter- 

 pret each other. 



" One of the positions we have endeavoured to 

 establish is, that in animals the process of develop- 

 ment is carried on, not by differentiations only, but 

 by subordinate integrations. Now in the social or- 

 ganism we may see the same duality of process; and 

 further, it is to be observed that the integrations are 

 of the same three kinds. Thus we have integrations 

 that arise from the simple growth of adjacent parts 

 that perform like functions; as, for instance, the co- 

 alescence of Manchester with its calico-weaving 

 suburbs. We have other integrations that arise 

 when, out of several places producing a particular 

 commodity, one monopolises more and more of the 

 business, and leaves the rest to dwindle; as witness 

 the growth of the Yorkshire cloth districts at the 

 expense of those in the west of England. . . . And 

 we have yet those other integrations that result from 

 the actual approximation of the similarly-occupied 

 parts, whence results such facts as the concentration 

 of publishers in Paternoster Row, of lawyers in the 

 Temple and neighbourhood, of corn merchants about 

 Mark Lane, of civil engineers in Great George 

 Street, of bankers in the centre of the city " (Essays, 



