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PIONEERS OF EVOLUTION. 



created, i. e., by the operation of secondary laws," 

 but that " his soul, on the other hand, was created in 

 quite a different way ... by the direct action of 

 the Almighty (symbolised by the term breathing)," 

 p. 325. In his Mental Physiology, Dr. Carpenter 

 postulates an Ego or Will which presides over, with- 

 out sharing in, the causally determined action of the 

 other mental functions and their correlated bodily 

 processes; "an entity which does not depend for its 

 existence on any play of physical or vital forces, but 

 which makes these forces subservient to its deter- 

 minations " (p. 27). Professor Mivart actually cites 

 St. Augustine and Cardinal Newman as authorities 

 in support of his theory of the special creation of the 

 soul. He might with equal effect subpoena Dr. 

 Joseph Parker or General Booth as authorities. Dr. 

 Carpenter argued as became a good Unitarian. In 

 his Gifford Lectures on Natural Theology, Professor 

 Stokes asserts, drawing " on sources of information 

 which lie beyond man's natural powers," in other 

 words, appealing to the Bible, that God made man 

 immortal and upright, and endowed him with free- 

 dom of the will. As, without the exercise of this, 

 man would have been as a mere automaton, he was 

 exposed to the temptation of the devil, and fell. 

 Thereby he became " subject to death like the lower 

 animals," and by the " natural effect of heredity," 

 transmitted the taint of sin to his offspring. The 

 eternal life thus forfeited was restored by the volun- 

 tary sacrifice of Christ, but can be secured only to 



