MODERN EVOLUTION. 241 



Surely a wolf must have too much brain, or else 

 how is it that a dog, with only the same quantity 

 and form of brain, is able to develop such singular 

 intelligence? The wolf stands to the dog in the 

 same relation as the savage to the man; and there- 

 fore, if Mr. Wallace's doctrine holds good, a higher 

 power must have superintended the breeding up of 

 wolves from some inferior stock, in order to prepare 

 them to become dogs " (Critiques and Addresses, 



P- 293)- 



After all is said, perhaps the effective refutation 

 of the belief in a spiritual entity superadded in man 

 is found in the explanation of the origin of that belief 

 which anthropology supplies. 



The theory of the origin and growth of the belief 

 in souls and spiritual beings generally, and in a 

 future life, which has been put into coherent form 

 by Spencer and Tylor, is based upon an enormous 

 mass of evidence gathered by travellers among ex- 

 isting barbaric peoples; evidence agreeing in char- 

 acter with that which results from investigations 

 into beliefs of past races in varying stages of culture. 

 Only brief reference to it here is necessary, but the 

 merest outline suffices to show from what obvious 

 phenomena the conception of a soul was derived, a 

 conception of which all subsequent forms are but 

 elaborated copies. As in other matters, crude analo- 

 gies have guided the barbaric mind in its ideas about 

 spirits and their behaviour. A man falls asleep and 

 dreams certain things; on waking, he believes that 



