i 4 EXOGENOUS TREES. 



same thing whenever the names are applied to manufactured 



woods. 



Planks and boards, with the exception of those that are 

 intended for flooring, decoration or special purposes, are cut 

 parallel to the diameters of the logs and when thus developed 

 are referred to as "bastard," "slash" and "slice-cut" boards. 



Boards cut from logs that have not been squared show parts 

 of the outside surfaces of the logs. The uneven appearance 

 caused in this way is known as " wane." These uneven and 

 slanting strips, removed when the boards are cut to standard 

 widths, are known as "edging." 



Logs are often squared before they are sliced, and the 

 segments of bark and sapwood that are then separated from 

 the logs are known as "slabs." Edging and slabs are worked 

 into laths or are burned as fuel. 



Vertical separations are often seen in trunks, and when 

 caused by winds or frosts they are known as "windshakes" 

 and "frostshakes." Yearly rings or layers sometimes separate 

 from one another when the term "cupshakes" is employed 

 and the pieces in which the defects occur are known as " rolled 

 lumber" because it is inferred that the separations were caused 

 when the winds rolled the trees to and fro. The bends that 

 are sometimes seen in the lengths of beams or ties are known as 

 "waves." 



The short but sometimes deep cracks that appear in planks, 

 and that are due to drying or seasoning, are known as " checks." 

 Wood is sometimes lifeless and brittle as the result of age or 

 disease, and such wood is called " brashwood." 



There are many names that refer to practically the same 

 cause of disintegration in wood. " Wet rot," "dry rot," disease,, 

 decay, bluing, rust, mildew, canker, soft rot, bot, dote and 

 other terms are thus employed. The results indicated by these 

 names are, regardless of environment and of peculiarities of 

 wreckage, due primarily to the presence of bacteria or fungi. 

 These cannot act when wood is saturated with water, or when 

 it is entirely dry, or when it has been subjected to certain 

 chemicals. 



