70 THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD. 



Ironwood, Hop Hornbeam. Ostrya virginina Willd. 



Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) 



Ironwood, Hop Hornbeam Hornbeam (R. I., N. Y., 



(local and common names). Fla., S. C., La.). 



Leverwood (Vt., Mass., R. I., Hardback (Vt.). 

 N. Y., Pa., Kans.). 



Locality. 



Nova Scotia to Florida, westward intermittently to Dakota and 

 Texas. 



Features of Tree. 



Thirty to forty feet in height, one foot or less in diameter. 

 The bark exhibits long vertical rows of small squares. Small 

 fruit resembles hops. Leaves resemble those of birch. 



Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. 



Heartwood reddish brown, sometimes white, sapwood lighter 

 or white. Close-grained, compact structure. 



Structural Qualities of Wood. 



Very strong, hard, heavy, tough, durable when exposed. 



Representative Uses of Wood. 



Posts, levers, tool-handles, axe-helves, mill-cogs, wedges. 



Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 



5 1 - 

 Modulus of Elasticity. 



1,950,000. 

 Modulus of Rupture. 



16,000. 



Remarks. 



Trees over twelve inches in diameter are often hollow, 



