156 THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD. 



( Picea nigra Link. 

 Black Spruce. - picea 



Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) 



Spruce (Vt.), Yew Pine, Spruce White Spruce (W. Va.). 



Pine (W. Va.). He Balsam (Del., N. C.). 



Double Spruce (Me., Vt., Minn.). Water Spruce (Me.). 

 Blue Spruce (Wis.). 

 Locality. 



Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Alleghany Mountains to North 

 Carolina. Best in Canada. 



Features of Tree. 



Forty to eighty feet in height, one to two feet in diameter. 

 Conical shape with straight trunk. Dark foliage. Cones 

 remain for several years, being thus distinct from white spruce. 



Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. 



Heartwood reddish, nearly white; sapwood lighter. Straight 

 grain, compact structure. 



Structural Qualities of Wood. 

 Light, soft, not strong, elastic, resonant. Not durable when 



exposed. 

 Representative Uses of Wood. 



Lumber, flooring, carpentry, ship-building, piles, posts, railway 

 ties, paddles, oars, "sounding-boards," paper-pulp. 



Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 



28. 

 Modulus of Elasticity. 



1,560,000. 

 Modulus of Rupture. 



10,600. 



Remarks. 



A substitute for soft pine. Resin is used as a confection. 



The red spruce (Picea rubens) is the principal lumber spruce of 

 northern New England. It is fifty to eighty feet high, and two of 

 three feet in diameter. Large quantities of the light, close-grained, 

 reddish, satiny wood are cut into lumber or used in the manufacture 

 of paper pulp. 



