EXOGENOUS SERIES NEEDLE LEAF WOODS. 157 



White Spruce. \ P * cea alba ^ ink : , 



| Picea canadensis Mill. 



Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) 



Single Spruce (Me., Vt., Skunk Spruce (Wis., New 



Minn.). Eng.). 



Bog Spruce, Cat Spruce Spruce, Double Spruce (Vt.). 



(N. Eng.). Pine (Hudson Bay). 



Locality. 



Northern United States, Canada to Labrador and Alaska. 

 Features of Tree. 



Fifty to one hundred feet in height, one to two feet in 

 diameter, occasionally larger. Compact, symmetrical, conical 

 shape. Foliage lighter than black spruce. Cones fall sooner 

 than those of black spruce. Whitish resin. 



Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. 



Heartwood light yellow, sapwood similar. Straight-grained, 

 numerous prominent medullary rays. Compact structure. 



Structural Qualities of W r ood. 



Light, soft, not strong (similar to Black Spruce). 



Representative Uses of Wood. 



Lumber, flooring, carpentry, etc. (similar to Black Spruce). 



Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 



25- 

 Modulus of Elasticity. 



1,450,000. 

 Modulus of Rupture. 



10,600. 



Remarks. 



Notable as resident of high latitudes. Chief tree of arctic 

 forests. Wood, used similarly to black spruce, is substituted 

 for white pine. 



It is often difficult to distinguish between black and white spruce 

 trees. The foliage of the former is darker as a whole, and there are dif- 

 ferences in shape and persistence of cones. The names double spruce and 

 single spruce are without evident foundation. Woods exhibit similar 

 qualities and are classed together by lumbermen. 



