Pheasants and Hungarians 109 



Thirdly, there appears to be a "colony" type of failure, in which the planted 

 stock persists as a small breeding colony but does not spread. Eventually the 

 colony disappears. This was noted in Hungarians, and possibly in pheasants. It 

 seems to occur only in the northern part of the zone of failure, just below the zone 

 of success. Possibly the environment there becomes partly favorable in spots, or 

 during certain years. 



Fourth, we have in pheasants, and possibly in Hungarians, a behavior repre- 

 senting partial success. The stock persists and sometimes spreads, but apparently 

 only with the aid of new plants. This may be called "artificial establishment." It 

 prevails over a wide zone along the edge of the established pheasant range, and 

 coincides roughly with the area shown on the pheasant map as "scattering range." 



There is a fifth type, "recessive establishment," which occurred in the Wil- 

 liamette Valley (Oregon) pheasants, but which was not clearly identified during 

 the survey as occurring in the north central region. The planted stock breeds and 

 spreads, often with extreme vigor, but later experiences a partial decline or re- 

 cession, as it finds its ultimate "niche" in the local biological scheme. 



Lastly, we have complete and permanent establishment, in which the planted 

 stock breeds, spreads, and becomes a self -propagating part of the local fauna. 

 This prevails in both species in the northern part of the Agricultural Belt (see 

 closely hatched areas on map) . The zone of complete establishment is evidently 

 destined to be wider and less irregular in outline in pheasants than in Hungarians. 

 Further plantings may of course alter the present boundaries. On the other hand 

 part of the apparent establishments may later, on cessation of planting, prove to 

 be of the recessive or even of the artificial type. 



Examples of Dispersal Failure of Pheasants. Dr. N. R. Huff, of 

 East St. Louis, president of the Southern Illinois Sportsmen's Association, told 

 me on April 2, 1928: 



"Pheasants do not thrive south of the 39th parallel. They have been planted 

 in southern Illinois for 15 years but are not established anywhere that I know of. 

 Twenty pheasants were planted very carefully in 1926, and also this year, at my 

 duck club seven miles southwest of Jonesboro. They are all gone. Eight were re- 

 leased in 1926 in southwest Polk County, but disappeared within a year. Two 

 plants in St. Clair County in 1926 were seen for some months, and then dis- 

 appeared." 



At this time I had not realized the importance of finding out whether or not 

 any wild nests and broods had been seen, hence evidence of this distinction be- 

 tween dispersal and straggling is lacking in this example. 



Later this evidence was not overlooked. Thus Andrew Brooks, a widely 

 known dog-trainer and sportsman of Doniphan, southeast Missouri, told me on 

 January 10, 1930: 



"In 1910 the state planted many pheasants. Six planted here disappeared 

 at once. No nests of young were seen." 



