SMALL FKUITS 193 



spring cut away all but three or four of the shoots nearest 

 the main stem, and cut them back to eight or ten buds. 

 Continue thinning out vines each year. 



Supports. The vines may be supported by tying them 

 to posts or wires, or if the side of a building is to be 

 covered, make loops for the vines out of strips of leather 

 and nail to the building. 



Reproduction. Grapes may be reproduced by means 

 of hardwood cuttings, in the same way that roses are 

 reproduced (see p. 172), or by means of layers. Layers 

 are made by placing a vine on the ground and covering 

 it with soil at intervals. Roots will be put forth and 

 branches thrown up. Later the vine may be cut between 

 these buried places. This can be done at any time in 

 the spring or early summer. Plants will be ready to set 

 out late in autumn or early the next spring. 



Diseases. For black rot, anthracnose, and downy mil- 

 dew, clean up and burn all dead branches and leaves 

 in early spring. When the buds are swelling, spray with 

 Bordeaux mixture so as to cover all the wood posts and 

 trellises, as well as the vines. Ten or twelve days later 

 give a second treatment. A third treatment should be 

 given when the fruit has set. Two or three other spray- 

 ings may be given if necessary. After the fruit is set, 

 the ammoniacal copper carbonate solution may be used 

 instead of the Bordeaux mixture to avoid discoloration. 

 For leaf blight, spray with Bordeaux mixture every 

 two weeks after the crop is harvested ; it may be neces- 

 sary to use three or four applications. Powdery mildew 



