INSECTS AND DISEASES 



411 



naturally the duty of the health officials to take charge of 

 the work ; the aid of the city authorities is needed to furnish 

 the appropriation to carry on the work ; and the intelligent 

 cooperation of the citizens is necessary in carrying out the 

 ordinances of the health officials. Often the first steps may 

 be taken by civic organizations. The newspapers have al- 

 ways proved a great help in the campaign of education which 

 is usually needed to arouse the citizens. The American 

 Civics Association with headquarters in Washington, D. C., 

 is ready to assist any local organizations in taking up this 

 work. 



Preventive measures. Remedial measures may be di- 

 rected along two lines : first, to prevent the breeding of flies ; 

 and second, to furnish 

 protection against the 

 flies that do exist. The 

 first might be called pre- 

 ventive, and the second, 

 curative remedies. The 

 more important reme- 

 dies, because the most 

 lasting, are those directed 

 toward the first end. As 

 horse manure forms the 

 breeding place for from 

 90 to 95 per cent of the 

 house flies, the chief 

 thing is to prevent flies 

 from breeding there. 

 This may be done in 

 two ways, by removing 

 the manure frequently 

 and by keeping the -manure in tight bins or receptacles, 

 covered or screened so the flies cannot enter. The bin 

 should be emptied every week. For a single ttorse, a barrel 



DIARRHEAL DISEASE 



UNDER 5 YEARS 

 TOTAL DAYS OF SICKNESS 



Filthy Area 



Total Disease Duration as an Index 

 of Sanitation. 



U.S. Public Health Service 



FIG. 163. Effect of doing away with flies on 

 prevalence of this children's disease. 



