46 SEEDING AND PLANTING 



white ash, locust, and walnut are among those least useful. On 

 steep slopes subject to land slipping, deep-rooted species such as 

 hickories, oaks, and pines are most effective. Shallow-rooted 

 species like spruce and birch should be excluded from such sites. 

 On sites subject to wind or water erosion, species that form a 

 dense cover under which there is a maximum depth of forest 

 litter should be used. The tolerant species, like spruce, maple, 

 and beech are among those most useful. 



The principal effect of the forest in the regulation of water 

 supply is due to its influence on the surface run-off. Forest 

 vegetation renders the flow of streams more uniform by diminish- 

 ing the extremes of high and low water. Its effectiveness depends 

 primarily upon the height and density of the stand and the depth 

 of litter on the forest floor. 



7. Species Selected for Their Esthetic Qualities 



When the object in establishing a forest by seeding or planting 

 is its pleasing appearance in the landscape, the choice of species 

 is less restricted. It depends upon the personal taste of the owner 

 and the esthetic qualities of the species. The effect produced is 

 governed primarily by the grouping of the species and how well 

 they fit into the general landscape. For instance, the form and 

 foliar effects of species that are effective along water courses are 

 usually inappropriate on high ridges. In most instances, a mixed 

 uneven-aged forest in which the stand is not too dense is more 

 pleasing to the eye and affords greater variety in form, color, and 

 foliage than an even-aged stand of a single species (Fig. 11). In 

 the selection of species for esthetic purposes, therefore, special 

 attention should be given to their form, color, foliage, and group- 

 ing. As a rule, the native species should be the basis of all plant- 

 ing for esthetic purposes, as they fit better into the general 

 landscape. Exotic species and indigenous species from more or less 

 remote regions, if adapted to the site, can be used in order to give 

 variety or attain some particular effect. 



8. THE SPECIES SELECTED SHOULD BE SUITABLE FOR MANAGE- 

 MENT UNDER THE REQUIRED SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM 



The choice of species is dependent upon the way that the forest 

 is to be managed silviculturally. All species can be managed as 

 high forest, while only a limited number are useful as coppice 



