THE VARIOUS TYPES 287 



attention from berry -growers. The old English Red 

 appears not to have been a true red raspberry, but to 

 be a representative of a distinct class, which later came 

 to be called the Purple Cane. When Fuller wrote his 

 most excellent "Small-Fruit Culturist," in 1867, there 

 were four types of raspberries in cultivation : the 

 black -caps, represented by the American Improved or 

 Doolittle, Dawson's Thornless, Elsie, Miami, Ohio 

 Everbearing, Seneca, Summit Yellow -cap, Surprise, 

 White -cap and Woodside ; the red raspberries, com- 

 prising Allen's Red Prolific, Allen's Antwerp, Kirt- 

 land, Pearl, Stoever and Scarlet; the purple-canes, 

 with Catawissa, Ellisdale, Gardiner, Purple Cane and 

 Philadelphia ; the foreign or Idaeus types, of which he 

 mentions sixty -seven varieties, but which, as a class, 

 although "larger and better flavored than those of our 

 native species," present few varieties "that are hardy 

 in the northern states, and their leaves burn more or 

 less at the South." The black raspberries are direct 

 offspring of the wild black -cap or thimbleberry, Rubus 

 occidcntalis, which is common everywhere in the north- 

 eastern states. It is the first pure native species to 

 give domestic offspring, and it is now the most widely 

 and extensively cultivated of any American raspberry. 

 The true red raspberries are direct offspring of the wild 

 red or scarlet berry, Rubus strigosus, which is the 

 American representative of Rubus Idaus, and by some 

 botanists held to be only a geographical modification of 

 the latter. It has a wide natural range, extending 

 farther north than the black -cap. The foreign varie- 

 ties are direct offshoots of Rubus Id&us, which grows 

 wild from Norway and Siberia to Spain and Greece. 

 But what is the purple -cane tribe, of which the 



