THE FOUR TYPES 289 



will hardly average a bush to a hundred acres of 

 land." Finally, in 1890, the present writer referred 

 the purple -canes to this Rubus neglectus of Peck, and 

 attempted to designate the botanical characters which 

 distinguish the cultivated forms from those of Rubus 

 occidentalis and R. strigosus. The garden berries which 

 he then referred to this species are Shaffer, Caroline, 

 Gladstone, Philadelphia, Reliance "and probably 

 Crystal White." This Rubus neglectus is widely dis- 

 tributed in a wild state. In order to understand it, we 

 must draw the characters of its relatives, the black and 

 the red ; and in these features the accompanj'ing 

 pictures of these species will help us. 



The botanist may distinguish our four types of 

 cultivated raspberries by the following marks : 



Rubus occidentalis, Linnaeus (Blackcap, Thimble- 

 berry of some). (Fig. 55.) Stems long, and at ma- 

 turity recurved and rooting at the tips, conspicuously 

 glaucous, armed with stiff, hooked prickles ; inflores- 

 cence densely cymose, the peduncles all aggregated or 

 rarely one or two somewhat remote, short and stiff, 

 simple and erect, bearing stiff prickles and sometimes 

 also straight bristles ; petals shorter than the sepals ; 

 fruit depressed, firm and dense, black. Here belong 

 the Gregg, Ohio, Hilborn, Ada, and others. The close- 

 fruited clusters are well shown in the accompanying 

 photograph (Fig 55), and it will be seen that the 

 condensation is greater in the Gregg than in the wild 

 berry. Amber-fruited forms of the black-cap are 

 occasionally found in wild areas. 



From Wyoming westward the wild black -cap rasp- 

 berry is represented by another species, known as Rubus 

 Uucodermis. It is doubtful if the plant is really distinct 



