340 TAXONOMY. 



tyledonese, as it now appears should have been omitted. The 

 grades of the Candollean system superior to the orders, in their 

 final form, are mainly these : 



Div. I. VASCULAR (more properly PILENOGAMOUS) PLANTS. 

 CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS. 



Subclass I. THALAMIFLOROUS : petals (distinct) and stamens on the 



torus, i. e. free. 



II. CALYCIFLOROUS : petals (distinct or coalescent) and 

 stamens adnate to the calyx. 



III. COROLUFLOROUS : petals (mostly coalescent) not ad- 



nate to calyx, bearing the stamens. 



IV. MONOCIILAMYDEOUS : petals wanting. 



CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS. (No subclasses.) 



Div. II. CELLULAR (more properly CRYPTOGAMOUS) PLANTS. 



CLASS I. ^ETHEOGAMOUS : with sexual apparatus, and 

 Vascular tissue. (EquisetacecEFilices.) 

 Only cellular tissue. (Mnsci and Ilepaticce.) 



CLASS II. AMPHIGAMOUS : destitute of sexual organs and of other than 

 cellular tissue. (Lichenes, Fungi, Algae.) 



691. Cryptogamous plants of all orders are now known to be 

 provided with sexes ; and the Jussiaean divisions of the Dico- 

 tyledones into ApetalcB (including Diclines), Monopetalce, and 

 Polypetala, are generally preferred to those of DeCandolle. Into 

 the present views of the classification of the Cryptogamia it is 

 unnecessary here to enter. Their general arrangement into 

 classes, &c., is not yet well settled, and the whole taxonomy 

 of the lower Cryptogams is at present in a state of transition. 



692. John Lindley in successive attempts (between 1830 and 

 1845) variously modified, and in some few respects improved, 

 the Candollean arrangement. But, as neither his groupings of the 

 natural orders nor the new classes which he adopted have been 

 approved, his schemes need not be here presented. He must be 

 credited, however, with the first attempt to carry into effect a 

 suggestion made by Brown, that the orders should themselves 

 be disposed as far as possible into superior and strictly natural 

 groups. In Lindley's first attempt, such groups of two grades 

 were proposed, the lower called nixus (tendencies), the higher 

 cohorts. In his later and largest work, The Vegetable King- 

 dom, these were reduced to one, and the name of alliance was 

 coined. But this word has no good Latin equivalent, and the 

 term cohort (cohors) is preferred. 



