320 A STUDY OF FARM ANIMALS 



some years we have had a strong cable stretched between 

 two high iron posts about 100 feet apart. A strong rope 

 about 10 feet long is fastened at one end in the ring in the 

 nose of the bull, while the other end is tied to an iron ring 

 which slides on the cable. The bull thus fastened is given 

 a fine opportunity for exercise and is yet under control. 

 The University has also exercised a Jersey bull by harness- 

 ing him and hitching to a small wagon, driving him about 

 with reins, and using him for hauling loads of moderate 

 weight. Under most conditions, as a matter of safety to 

 attendants, the bull should be dehorned. 



Salt for dairy cattle is very necessary, and should be sup- 

 plied with regularity. Some persons at regular intervals 

 throw a quantity of salt in each manger. Many feeders, 

 who study their feeding carefully, sprinkle the necessary 

 amount of salt in the feed at regular times. Others have 

 salt boxes in yards, where the cattle may lick it at will, or 

 throw heaps on the ground where it will be eaten. Accord- 

 ing to our best authorities, a cow weighing 1,000 pounds 

 should be fed from 1 to 3 ounces of salt a day, depending 

 upon the amount of milk produced. 



Water for the dairy cow. It can be readily seen that a 

 cow producing a great amount of milk, say 100 pounds in a 

 day, must require a large amount of water to supply her 

 body needs. The amount of water necessary, however, de- 

 pends largely on the kind of food eaten and the milk yield. 

 If rich pasturage, a soiling feed, silage or roots are eaten, the 

 demand for water will be comparatively light, while, if dry 

 pasture or hay, especially a legume, is the main source of 

 roughage, large amounts of water may be drunk. A warm 

 temperature also adds to the demand for drink. Under fair 

 conditions of production, probably 75 to 100 pounds of 

 water daily will suffice. The Holstein-Friesian cow Mis- 

 souri Chief Josephine at Missouri University, according to 

 Prof. C. H. Eckles, on a seven-day test, averaged in excess 



