190 SYLVAN WINTER. 



Hence for the woodwork of all structures that are 

 continually immersed in water, such as bridges, 

 the foundations of wharves, pumps, water-works, 

 &c., it is invaluable. For exposure to the weather 

 only (which means an alternation of the wet and the 

 dry state) it is not suitable. But for any wood 

 that is required to be continually buried in the 

 earth, such as the lower parts of posts, it does 

 well; also for wooden apparatus used for wet 

 operations such as bowls, kneading-trough s, 

 sabots, clogs, and pattens it is very serviceable. 

 It is also used for broom-handles. Cabinet- 

 makers, too, employ it for manufacturing various 

 articles of furniture. When dyed black it is used 

 to imitate ebony. It makes one of the best of 

 charcoals for the manufacture of gunpowder; and 

 for some kinds of turning and sculpture it is also 

 employed. Occasionally it has fine veins, and 

 then it is suitable for manufacturing into orna- 

 mental tables and boxes. 



The familiar and useful Apple-tree (Pyrus malus), 

 though abounding with beautiful fruit, also pro- 

 duces wood which is hard and fine-grained, and, 

 being susceptible of a high polish, can be used for 



