INTRODUCTION xxiii. 



various evolution theories extant in his day, in particular to 

 Darwin's natural selection theory, shows that we must strive 

 at unification of knowledge, and again and again attempt to 

 see things whole, i.e., in the added light of new knowledge 

 from all fields of experience, such, for instance, as Bio- 

 Economics, which may also be defined as the combined study 

 of the Physiology, Pathology and Biology of the self- 

 preservation of organic civilisation, and of their indispensable 

 interactions as a means to progressive development. 



Although I own to a feeling of particular sympathy 

 towards such admirable corrective attempts as those of Samuel 

 Butler, supplemented as they were in his case by wonderful 

 flashes of insight and by the heroism of genius, I have through- 

 out wished to take up an impartial attitude towards all who 

 have contributed their quota to the science of evolution, or 

 any kindred science, on the principle that " Ehre dem Ehre 

 gebiihret " (Honour where honour is due). 



The personal equation is ever dominating our views and 

 determining our work, but we must sometimes, and at any rate 

 in our judgment of our fellows, strive to rise above the 

 influence of the personal equation, exclude all bias, and do 

 justice to others as though personal interests were non-existent. 



The personal equation has its place in the biology of daily 

 life, but over and above it there are in this field also the claims 

 of symbiogenesis which are those of an ulterior righteousness, 

 or, as I have also termed it, a cosmic loyalty, serving the good, 

 as it were, for its own sake and subordinating personal interests 

 to the higher interests of humanity. 



By recognising such claims we shall best fulfil the 

 purposes of Science and further the progress of the world. 



