CHAPTER I. 



SYMBIOSIS. 



C'est retrecir le sens du mot travail que de le limiter a la production 

 industrielle. 



Le travail se divise dans biens des cas oil le commerce proprement 

 dit n'est pas etabli encore, et par d'autres influences que par la volont6 

 reflechie des individus. 



L'agression brutale et sanglante n'est pas la regie universelie. 

 La nature n'est pas animee tout entiere d'un esprit de haine et d'envie. 

 Le plus souvent, c'est sans se viser et meme sans le vouloir, c'est sans 

 animosite et meme sans rivalite consciente que les etres concourent et 

 sont tries par la force des choses. 



II importe de rendre a la machine ce qui vient de la machine et a 

 la loi ce qui vient de la loi. C. BouoiJ. 



The one thing needful for economic production is the green plant, 

 as the sole producer of vital capital from natural inorganic bodies. 

 Men might exist without labour (in the ordinary sense) and without 

 land ; without plants they must inevitably perish. T. H. HUXLEY. 



In Evolution by Co-operation I have put forward the 

 theory of positive co-operation among organisms as a factor in 

 evolution quite distinct from Darwin's Natural Selection by 

 competition. I have there stated that co-operative principles 

 have, in similar ways to those obtaining between bee and 

 flower, prevailed throughout the whole course of evolution. 

 From the moment division of labour set in, co-operation must 

 have been essential to the organic world, for it afforded the 

 best available means of preservation and progress. Just as in 

 human society an invisible, but nevertheless actual and indis- 

 pensable, standard of useful morality has gradually arisen, so 

 also the biological w r orld is ruled by an invisible but actual 

 standard of domestic and bio-economic usefulness or social 

 morality. 



