iv. SYMBIOGENESIS 



Euglena viridis an example of early plant-animal symbiosis Nature's 

 abhorrence of perpetual "in-feeding" and " in-breeding "Duties of 

 the animal towards the plant Alternations of form in accordance with 

 alternating feeding habits in Euglena viridis Comparison of Convoluta 

 with the lichen In Convoluta algae and animal drawn together by 

 degenerate instincts Cessation of biological symbiosis usually marks 

 beginning of pathology Diagnostic importance of this view Transition 

 from photosynthesis to saprophytism Dangers of abandonment of true 

 symbiosis Rank "in-feeding " and penalties The mole Transmission 

 of disease through organisms The flea and the mammal The vicious 

 circle set up by anti-symbiotic instincts Bad physiological currency 

 drives out good currency Hormones and custom Good custom and bad 

 custom The path of indulgence Morbid appetites Consequent uric 

 acid attack Convolutal " symbiosis " results in physiological deficit 

 Morbidity and fate of scavengers Nitrogen scarcity due to abnormal 

 feeding habits Fungi as a class retrogressive Biological honesty the 

 best policy Co-operation necessary to progress The lichen as instancing 

 genuine symbiosis with biological success ; how Bio- Economics and Bio- 

 Chemistry dovetail into each other; how the heredity mechanism rests 

 normally upon a dual, i.e., symbiogenetic basis Lichens as pioneers of 

 organic civilisation Their longevity, great powers of resistance and 

 wide distribution Excellences manifestly connected with bio-economic 

 usefulness The manna lichen and the true manna of physiological 

 emancipation. 



CHAPTER II. 

 BIO-DYNAMICS. 



The question of biological origins The remote ancestor a deus ex 

 machind Origin of ancestor by Symbiogenesis Loss of symbiotic char- 

 acters by degenerates Anti-symbiotic characters, adventitious and con- 

 spicuous, taking the place and obscuring the origins of previously useful 

 characters The dynamic view of life " Symbiotics " and "Anti- 

 biotics " Need and justification of these terms The problem of the 

 origin of species is one of form-production The chief determining 

 dynamic factors are economic and these determine the bio-chemical 

 factors Modern Biology returning to the dynamic views of Herbert 

 Spencer Every species involved in specialities of action and reaction 

 The laws of organic (i.e., individual) modifications according to Spencer 

 are calculated to throw light on the origin of species But incompletely 

 unless the bio-economic factors involved are also recognised Biological 

 status is an expression partly of remuneration for useful biological work 

 and qualification Constancy and reliability of bio-economic correspond- 

 ences develop momentum along certain lines which in turn accounts 



