140 SYMBIOGENESIS 



some extent the deficiency resulting from artificial and 

 unredeemed, i.e., Mendelian in-breeding severely restricting 

 as it is the complete operation of the hereditary mechanism, 

 particularly that portion of it which is inherent in the 

 symbiotic environment. Though still artificial, the experi- 

 ment is analogous to the case of stock + scion (rather than 

 scion + scion), i.e., Dr. Jenny's (" re-inforcing ") method 

 somewhat restores useful reciprocal differentiation and thus 

 re-introduces a truly viable element. We thus approach 

 symbiogenetic conditions, whilst the Mendelian method of 

 " selfing " in reality, and for the time being, almost completely 

 suppresses symbiogenesis. It is all, again, a question of 

 relatedness. 



In his treatise on Friendship ("Lysis"), Plato tells us 

 that he has heard it said that frequently like is most hostile to 

 like, and the good to the good, and that generally things most 

 like each other are most full of envy, strife and hatred. 



But the antagonism we have here (envy !) is merely a 

 distortion of what I now might term "wholesome antagonism," 

 which purports emulation rather than jealousy, and wholesome 

 diversification, specialisation and co-operation rather than 

 sanguinary competition of idlers for one and the same object. 



Some of the ancient Teutons when asked by Tacitus why 

 they abhorred even a modicum of work and industry, replied 

 that it seemed easier to them to get what they wanted by 

 warfare. 



Such iniquitous thoughts and forms of antagonism were 

 quite common among some ancient peoples, many of whom 

 imagined that warfare was quite the most legitimate and the 

 noblest method of wealth-getting. It has taken us many 

 centuries of sanguinary experience to learn that this is not so, 

 and that the true and normal relation between nations is one of 

 co-operation. It was Grotius, I believe, who in the seventeenth 

 century first clearly enunciated this truth, although credit must 

 here once more be given to the Old Testament for uttering the 

 pregnant warning: " Because thou hast spoiled many nations, 



