188 " SYMBIOGENESIS 



says Bougie ; and the same may be said as regards bio-economic 

 (physiological) practices which must always largely determine 

 social practices, and in the long run, I hold, the very " esprit 

 social." 



Science, according to Butler, is too young to know what 

 common sense is. This, I submit, is now to be remedied, in 

 one direction at least, by the study of Bio-Economics. When 

 the same astute writer goes on to say : "As soon as the world 

 began to busy itself with evolution it said good-bye to common 

 sense, and must get on with uncommon sense as best it can," 

 this gibe is not altogether unwarranted, chiefly again because 

 in the first flush of victory the new-fangled beliefs and dogmas 

 ignored values or at best only very partially recognised 

 Economics as concerned at all.* 



Both the Batesonian view concerning the "cosmic" and 

 " non-chaotic " properties, and the " all-pervading orderli- 

 ness " of living things and the Haldanian view of an eventual 

 " non-mechanistic " solution of the principal problems of life, 

 I claim, find their true place in the system of Bio-Economics 

 and in that theory of co-operative evolution (symbiogenesis) 

 for which I contend. In my Evolution by Co-operation, I have 

 already set it forth that the parts of an organism as well as the 

 members of the biological world "must have a meaning for 

 each other ; they must have something to spare for and to 

 exchange with each other. In short, organisation, i.e., 

 specialisation of function, implies co-operation, i.e., social 

 activity, and I therefore maintain that the relation of parts 

 must approximate to the conditions of trade in the human com- 

 munity, where no member can more than temporarily suffer or 

 rejoice by itself, and where an apparent advantage to one 



* According to The Times (16/1/15) an inadequate perception of the things that 

 belong to peace has in a sense justified the description of the present great war as 

 a "terrible medicine" (Bernhardi). But now, "before the sudden and fiery 

 blast of war there has been a noticeable repudiation of the respect paid in 

 times of peace to artificial and inverted cults." By way of reaction it now 

 appears that " commonplace views and copy-book virtues have made a new 

 appeal to minds whose former craving for excitement and novelty is nw so 

 tragically satiated." An ignominious peace and a suppression or perversion of 

 true mental and moral values are thus amongst the most potent causes of war. 



